Oriolus Xanthornus Bird

English Name:  Black-hooded Oriole
Latin Name:  Oriolus xanthornus
Protonym:  Coracias Xanthornus Syst.Nat.ed.10 p.108
Taxonomy:  Passeriformes / Oriolidae / Oriolus
Taxonomy Code:  blhori1
Type Locality:  'America'' [= Bengal].
Author:  Linnaeus
Publish Year:  1758
IUCN Status:  Least Concern

DEFINITIONS

ORIOLUS
(Oriolidae; Ϯ Eurasian Golden Oriole O. oriolus) Med. L. oriolus  Golden Oriole; this onomatopoeia echoes the melodic calls of the Eurasian Golden Oriole which are such a distinctive feature of European woodlands in the spring; "52. ORIOLUS.  Rostrum conicum, convexum, acutissimum, rectum: mandibula superiore paulo longiore, obsolete emarginata.  Lingua bifida, acuta.  Pedes ambulatorii." (Linnaeus 1766): based on "Oriolus" and "Chlorion" of Gessner 1555, "Picus nidum suspendens" of Aldrovandus 1599-1603, "Galbula" of Willughby 1676, and Ray 1713, "Turdus luteus" of Frisch 1733-1743, "Coracias Oriolus" of Linnaeus 1746, and "Oriolus luteus" of Linnaeus 1750; "Oriolus Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 160. Type, by virtual tautonymy, Oriolus galbula Linnaeus = Coracias oriolus Linnaeus, 1758.   ...   Validation under the Plenary Powers of the generic name Oriolus Linnaeus, 1766, by the suppression of older homonym published by Brisson, 1760.  Direction 21, Inter. Comm. Zool. Nomen., 1, Sec. C (C. 12): 161; 178, 1955." (Greenway in Peters 1962, XV, 122). Linnaeus's Oriolus comprised twenty species (O. Galbula, O. chinensis, O. melanocephalus, O. Icterus, O. phoeniceus, O. hæmorrhous, O. persicus, O. mexicanus (No. 8), O. guianensis, O. Baltimore, O. spurius, O. Bonana, O. mexicanus (No. 13), O. dominicensis, O. cayanensis, O. icterocephalus, O. melancholicus, O. capensis, O. aureus, O. chrysocephalus).    
Var. Gridus, Oriotus, Orioblus, Eriolus.   
Synon. Amimeta, Analcipus, Artamia, Baruffius, Broderipornis, Broderipus, Chloreus, Erythrolanius, Euchlorites, Mimeta, Mimetes, Neomimeta, Philocarpus, Psaropholus, Xanthonotus.
• (Icteridae; syn. Icterus † Venezuelan Troupial I. icterus) "GENUS 28.  ORIOLUS Lin. Scopoli Lath. Dum. Icterus Briss. Cuv. La Cép.  Xanthornus La Cép.  (Gilbvogel Germ.  Troupiale, Carouge Gall.  Oriole Angl.)  ...  Species: Oriolus Icterus, Cayanensis Lin." (Illiger 1811); "Oriolus (not of Linnaeus, 1766) Illiger, Prodr. Syst. Mamm. Av., p. 214, 1811—type, by subs. desig. (Zimmer, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 17, p. 435, 1930), Oriolus icterus Linnaeus." (Hellmayr, 1937, Cat. Birds Americas, Pt. X, p. 102).

oriolus
Med. L. oriolus and aureolus  golden oriole, from its flute-like call (cf. L. aureolus  golden  < aurum  gold).
● ex “Troupiale” of d’Aubenton 1765-1781, pl. 532 (syn. Icterus icterus).
● "49. CORACIAS.  ...  Oriolus.  3. C. flava alis caudaque nigris.  Ampelis flava, artibus nigris, rectricibus quinque exterioribus restrorsum flavis. Act. Stockh. 1750. p. 127. t. 3. f. 5.  Oriolus. Gesn. av. . . .  Galbula. Aldr. orn. 854. t. 857. 858.  Galbula benghalensis. Edw. av. 185. t. 185.  Picus nidum suspendens. Will. orn. . . t. 36. f. 6. & t. 38. f. 4. Jonst. av. 112. t. 41. f. 8. Raj. av. 68.  Flava avis benghalensis. Alb. av. 3. p. 19. t. 20.  Habitat in Europa, Asia, migratoria avis." (Linnaeus 1758) (Oriolus).

xanthornus
Gr. ξανθος xanthos  yellow; ορνις ornis, ορνιθος ornithos  bird.
● ex “Carouge de Méxique” of d’Aubenton 1765-1781, pl. 5, fig. 1 (syn. Icterus nigrogularis).
● "49. CORACIAS.  ...  Xanthornus.  6. C. flava, capite remigibusque primoribus nigris.  Icterus indicus, capite nigro. Edw. av. 77. t. 77.  Xanthornus major, nigro varius. Broun. jam. 477.  Pica luteo nigra varia. Catesb. car. 3. p. 5. t. 5.  Habitat in America." (Linnaeus 1758) (Oriolus).

Xanthornus
● (syn. Agelaius Ϯ Red-winged Blackbird A. phoenicius) "Xanthornus, corresponding to AGELAIUS Vieillot, and included in the genus ORIOLUS of Illiger. The bill is straight, thick at base, and acuminate" (Bonaparte 1825).
● (syn. Icterus Ϯ Venezuelan Troupial I. icterus)"XANTHORNVS DECVMANVS.  Xanthornos appello genus avium Americae proprium, satis numerosum, rostri pedumque conformatione et toto habitu ita conjunctum, ut a Natura institutum fuisse nemo dubitare possit; quodque primus BRISSONIVS Icteri nomine redegit.  ...  Icteri nomen a BRISSONIO pro generico adoptatum, quippe ambiguum, cum nova et satis apta Xanthorni appellatione eo lubentius commutavi, quod illud quibusdam speciebus jam antea ab Auctoribus adplicatum fuerit, et fere in omnes, ob solemnem huic generi, cum atro, flavum s. citrinum rubrumque colorem, egregia quadret.  ...  Xanthorni itaque inter Sturnos, Oriolosque et Fringillas medium constituunt, mea sententia, genus" (Pallas 1769); "Xanthornus Pallas, 1769, Spic. Zool., fasc. 6, p. 1; originally proposed as a substitute for Icterus Brisson." (Blake in Peters 1968, XIV, 149).  Var. Zanthornis, Xanthortus.
● (syn. Psarocolius Ϯ Crested Oropendola P. decumanus) "Xanthornus Pallas was originally proposed as a substitute for Icterus Brisson and, consequently, regarded as synonymous with that term. According to the vote of the Zoological Congress at Padua, Brissonian names are, however, no longer recognized as valid. Xanthornus Pallas must, therefore, be classed as a new genus, of which the only species, X. decumanus, becomes the type, and thus replaces Ostinops of much later date." (Hellmayr 1937, X, 10-11).

SUBSPECIES

Black-hooded Oriole (xanthornus)
Latin Name: Oriolus xanthornus xanthornus
xanthornus
Gr. ξανθος xanthos  yellow; ορνις ornis, ορνιθος ornithos  bird.
● ex “Carouge de Méxique” of d’Aubenton 1765-1781, pl. 5, fig. 1 (syn. Icterus nigrogularis).
● "49. CORACIAS.  ...  Xanthornus.  6. C. flava, capite remigibusque primoribus nigris.  Icterus indicus, capite nigro. Edw. av. 77. t. 77.  Xanthornus major, nigro varius. Broun. jam. 477.  Pica luteo nigra varia. Catesb. car. 3. p. 5. t. 5.  Habitat in America." (Linnaeus 1758) (Oriolus).

Black-hooded Oriole (maderaspatanus)
Latin Name: Oriolus xanthornus maderaspatanus
maderaspatana / maderaspatanus / maderaspatensis
Mod. L. Maderaspatana Maderas / Madrass / Madras / Chennai, India.
● ex “Maderas Rail-Hen” of Ray 1713, “Porphyrio maderaspatanus” of Brisson 1760, “Angoli” of de Buffon 1770-1783, and “Madras Gallinule” of Latham 1785 (syn. Amaurornis phoenicurus).
● ex “Black and White Wagtail,” and “Forked Wagtail” of Ray 1713, “Motacilla maderaspatana” of Brisson 1760, “Bergeronnette de Madras” of de Buffon 1770-1783, and “Pied Wagtail” of Latham 1783 (Motacilla).
● ex “Partridge-Snipe” of Ray 1713, “Gallinago maderaspatana” of Brisson 1760, “Bécassine de Madras” of de Buffon 1770-1783, and “Madras Snipe” of Latham 1785 (syn. Rostratula benghalensis).
● Erroneous TL. Maderaspatana (= Madagascar); ex “Ficedula madagascariensis minor” of Brisson 1760 (Zosterops).

Black-hooded Oriole (reubeni)
Latin Name: Oriolus xanthornus reubeni
reubeni
Dr Rachel Reuben (1934-2010) Indian scientist, medical entomologist, conservationist (subsp. Oriolus xanthornus).

Black-hooded Oriole (ceylonensis)
Latin Name: Oriolus xanthornus ceylonensis
ceylanensis / ceylanica / ceylonense / ceylonensis / ceylonicus / ceylonus
Ceylon (Portuguese name Ceilaõ given to the island by early explorers, from Pali Sinhalana land of lions) / Sri Lanka.
● ex “Drongri” of Levaillant 1805, pl. 170, and “Drongri Shrike” of Latham 1822 (syn. Dicrurus leucophaeus).
● ex “Ceylonese Crested Falcon” of Latham 1781 (subsp. Nisaetus cirrhatus).

Black-hooded Oriole (tanakae)
Latin Name: Oriolus xanthornus tanakae
tanakae
Seikichi Tanaka (1883-1963) Japanese scientist, collector (subsp. Oriolus xanthornus).