Scopus Umbretta Bird

English Name:  Hamerkop
Latin Name:  Scopus umbretta
Protonym:  Scopus Umbretta Syst.Nat. 1 pt2 p.618
Taxonomy:  Pelecaniformes / Scopidae / Scopus
Taxonomy Code:  hamerk1
Type Locality:  Senegal.
Author:  Gmelin, JF
Publish Year:  1789
IUCN Status:  Least Concern

DEFINITIONS

SCOPUS
(Scopidae; Ϯ Hamerkop S. umbretta) Gr. σκια skia  shade, shadow; "Genus Scopi (1)  Le genre de l'Ombrette.(1)  ...  (1) Scopus a σκια, id est, umbra: ab umbræ; unde nomen.  ...  (1) Ombrette. Je l'ai ainsi nommée, à cause de la couleur d'ombre, dont toutes ses plumes sont teintes" (Brisson 1760); “Scopus of Brisson  ...  he calls it Scopus  ...  a shade, and Ombrette from the general deep brown of its plumage” (Pennant 1773); "Scopus Briss. Gm. (umbretta Gm)  ...  Obs. nomen bene formatum: σκοπος, speculator" (Sundevall 1873) (Gr. σκοπος skopos  watcher, guardian  < σκοπεω skopeō  to spy out); "Scopus Brisson, Orn., 1, 1760, p. 48; 5, 1760, p. 503. Type, by monotypy, Scopus = Scopus umbretta Gmelin." (Peters 1931, 1, 126).
Synon. Cepphus, Scops, Umbretta.

scopus
Genus Scopus Brisson 1760, hammerkop.

umbretta
● Mod. L. umbretta  deep-brown, earth-brown colour  < L. umbra  shade (Sclerurus).
● French name “Ombrette” given to the Hamerkop because of its uniform umber or earthy-brown colour  < Italian terra d’ombra  shadow earth; ex “Scopus” of Brisson 1760, “Ombrette du Sénégal” of d’Aubenton 1765-1781, pl. 796, “Ombrette” of de Buffon 1770-1783, “Umbre” of Brown 1776, and “Tufted Umbre” of Latham 1785: “[crest] as well as the whole body, is of an uniform brown colour, most like that of Umber” (Scopus).

Umbretta
(syn. Scopus Ϯ Hamerkop S. umbretta) Specific name Scopus umbretta J. Gmelin, 1789; "2. Sous-famille. CULTRIROSTRIA. Les Cultrirostres. Bec conformé en couteau, ou très-comprimé.  G. 15. Ardea L.  16. Ciconia Lac.  17. Grus Lac.  18. Nycticorax R.  19. Helias R.  20. Blarga R.  21. Umbretta R. Scopus L.  22. Balearius R." (Rafinesque 1815).

SUBSPECIES

Hamerkop (umbretta)
Latin Name: Scopus umbretta umbretta
umbretta
● Mod. L. umbretta  deep-brown, earth-brown colour  < L. umbra  shade (Sclerurus).
● French name “Ombrette” given to the Hamerkop because of its uniform umber or earthy-brown colour  < Italian terra d’ombra  shadow earth; ex “Scopus” of Brisson 1760, “Ombrette du Sénégal” of d’Aubenton 1765-1781, pl. 796, “Ombrette” of de Buffon 1770-1783, “Umbre” of Brown 1776, and “Tufted Umbre” of Latham 1785: “[crest] as well as the whole body, is of an uniform brown colour, most like that of Umber” (Scopus).

Hamerkop (minor)
Latin Name: Scopus umbretta minor
minor
L. minor  smaller  < comp. parvus  small. “Comparative names ... Specific names expressive of comparative size are also to be avoided, as they may be rendered inaccurate by the after-discovery of additional species. The names ... maximus, minor, minimus, etc. are examples of this objectionable practice” (Strickland Code 1842).
● ex “Short-eared Owl” of Pennant 1761 (syn. Asio flammeus).
● ex “Little Thrush” of Catesby 1731-1743, Edwards 1758-1764, Latham 1783, and Pennant 1785, “Turdus iliacus carolinensis” of Brisson 1760, and “Grivette de l’Amérique” of de Buffon 1770-1783 (syn. Catharus fuscescens).
● ex “Whip-poor-will” of Catesby 1731 (Chordeiles).
● ex “Coucou des palétuviers de Cayenne” of d’Aubenton 1765-1781, pl. 813, “Petit Vieillard” of de Buffon 1770-1783, and “Mangrove Cuckow” of Latham 1782 (Coccyzus).
● "54. PICUS.  ...  minor.  12. P. albo nigroque varius vertice rubro, ano albido.  Picus albo nigroque varius, rectricibus tribus lateralibus seminigris. Fn. svec. 83. Hasselqv. iter. 242.  Picus varius tertius. Raj. av. 43.  Picus varius minor. Alb. av. I. p. 20. t. 20.  Habitat in Europa.” (Linnaeus 1758) (Dryobates).
● ex “Fregata minor” of Brisson 1760, “Petite Frégate” of de Buffon 1770-1783, “Man of War Bird” of Edwards 1760, and “Lesser Frigate Pelican” of Latham 1785 (Fregata).
● ex “Petit Indicateur” of Levaillant 1807, pl. 242 (Indicator).
● ex “Pie-grièsche d’Italie” of d’Aubenton 1765-1781, pl. 32, fig. 1 (Lanius).
● ex “Perruche à ailes noires” of de Buffon 1770-1783, “Petite perruche de l’isle de Luçon, 4ème ésp.” of Sonnerat 1776, and “Luzonian Parrakeet” of Latham 1781 (syn. Loriculus philippensis).
● ex “Apiaster Philippensis minor” of Brisson 1760 (syn. Merops viridis americanus).
● ex “Little Woodcock” of Pennant 1785, and Latham 1785 (Microptera).
● ex “Troupiale de la Caroline” of d’Aubenton 1765-1781, pl. 606, fig. 1, “Petit Troupiale noir” of de Buffon 1770-1783, and “Lesser black Oriole” of Latham 1782 (syn. Molothrus ater).
● ex “Lesser Bird of Paradise” of Latham 1783 (Paradisaea).
● ex “Barbican à ventre rose” of Levaillant 1806 (Pogonornis).
● ex “Porphyrio minor” of Brisson 1760 (syn. Porphyrula martinica).
● ex “Colymbus fluviatilis” of Brisson 1760 (syn. Tachybaptus ruficollis).
● ex “Huppe d’Afrique” of Audebert & Vieillot 1800-1802 (syn. Upupa africana).
● ex “Ringvia” of Brünnich 1764, and “Lesser Guillemot” of Pennant 1785 (syn. Uria aalge).