Aegithina Tiphia Bird

English Name:  Common Iora
Latin Name:  Aegithina tiphia
Protonym:  Motacilla tiphia Syst.Nat.ed.10 p.186
Taxonomy:  Passeriformes / Aegithinidae / Aegithina
Taxonomy Code:  comior1
Type Locality:  Bengal.
Author:  Linnaeus
Publish Year:  1758
IUCN Status:  Least Concern

DEFINITIONS

AEGITHINA
(Aegithinidae; Ϯ Common Iora A. tiphia) Gr. αιγιθος aigithos or αιγινθος aiginthos  unknown and mythical bird mentioned by Aristotle, Aelianus, Dionysius, and other authors, subsequently linked to various species; "ÆGITHINE, Ægithina.  Motac. aut Silvia, Gm. Lath.  Bec alongé, un peu robuste, plus ou moins fléchi en arc, cylindrique, échancré vers le bout de sa partie supérieure. — Ailes courtes. — La 1.^re remige plus courte que les secondaires.   Esp. Fauvette leucoptère, Vieill. Ois. de l'Am. sept." (Vieillot 1816); "Aegithina Vieillot, 1816, Analyse, p. 44. Type, by monotypy, Fauvette leucoptère = Sylvia leucoptera Vieillot = Motacilla tiphia Linnaeus." (Delacour in Peters 1960, IX, p. 300).
Var. Aegithia.
Synon. Aethorhynchus, Jora, Phoenicomanes.

tiphia
Sykes 1832, uses the spelling typhia, as if from a Bengali name Taphika for the Common Iora (cf. Gr. τυφη tuphē  tiara; Gr. myth. Tiphys, pilot of the Argonauts, who died of a snakebite); "99. MOTACILLA.   ...   Tiphia.  14. M. viridis, subtus flavescens, alis nigris: fasciis duabus albis.  Passer viridis indicus. Edw. av. 79. t. 79.  Habitat in Benghala.  Fasciæ alarum ex apicibus tectricum albis." (Linnaeus 1758) (Aegithina).

SUBSPECIES

Common Iora (multicolor)
Latin Name: Aegithina tiphia multicolor
multicolor
L. multicolor, multicoloris  multi-coloured, many coloured  < multus  many; color, coloris  colour.
● ex “Pic à cravate noire de Cayenne” of d’Aubenton 1765-1781, pl. 863, “Pic à cravate noire” of de Buffon 1770-1783, and “Black-breasted Woodpecker” of Latham 1782 (syn. Celeus torquatus).
● ex “Varied Shrike” of Latham 1822 (Chlorophoneus).
● ex “Petite Sarcelle de l’isle de Luçon” of Sonnerat 1776 (?syn. Dendrocygna sp.).
● ex “Red-bellied Fly-catcher” of Latham 1783 (Petroica).
● ex “Figuier noir et jaune de Cayenne” of d’Aubenton 1765-1781, pl. 391, fig. 2, “Figuier noir” of de Buffon 1770-1783, and “Rufous and black Warbler” of Latham 1783 (syn. Setophaga ruticilla).
● ex “White-collared Parrot” of Latham 1781 (syn. Trichoglossus moluccanus).
● ex “Harlequin Humming-bird” of Latham 1782 (unident.).

Common Iora (deignani)
Latin Name: Aegithina tiphia deignani
deignani
Herbert Girton Deignan (1906-1968) US ornithologist, collector in Thailand 1928-1932, 1935-1937, 1952-1953, Australia 1948, and Madagascar 1962, OSS officer 1944-1946 (subsp. Aegithina tiphia, subsp. Cyornis banyumas, syn. Eurystomus orientalis, subsp. Glaucidium cuculoides, syn. Lewinia striata, subsp. Lonchura atricapilla, syn. Mixornis gularis connectens, syn. Myadestes occidentalis oberholseri, syn. Pachyglossa agilis modesta, subsp. Pellorneum ruficeps, subsp. Pericrocotus solaris, subsp. Prinia polychroa, syn. Pycnonotus aurigaster thais).

Common Iora (humei)
Latin Name: Aegithina tiphia humei
humei
Allan Octavian Hume (1829-1912) English civil servant in India 1850-1894, ornithologist, collector, founder of journal ‘Stray Feathers’ (subsp. Aegithina tiphia, syn. Alectoris chukar pallescens, subsp. Artamus leucoryn, syn. Dendrocopos macei, subsp. Micropternus brachyurus, syn. Napothera epilepidota granti, syn. Periparus ater aemodius, Phylloscopus, Stachyris).

Common Iora (tiphia)
Latin Name: Aegithina tiphia tiphia
tiphia
Sykes 1832, uses the spelling typhia, as if from a Bengali name Taphika for the Common Iora (cf. Gr. τυφη tuphē  tiara; Gr. myth. Tiphys, pilot of the Argonauts, who died of a snakebite); "99. MOTACILLA.   ...   Tiphia.  14. M. viridis, subtus flavescens, alis nigris: fasciis duabus albis.  Passer viridis indicus. Edw. av. 79. t. 79.  Habitat in Benghala.  Fasciæ alarum ex apicibus tectricum albis." (Linnaeus 1758) (Aegithina).

Common Iora (septentrionalis)
Latin Name: Aegithina tiphia septentrionalis
septentrionale / septentrionales / septentrionalis / septentrionalium
L. septemtrionalis  northern  < septemtrio  north.
● Erroneous TL "Northern parts of America" (= Tonga Tabu); ex “Northern Shrike” of Latham 1781 (syn. Clytorhynchus vitiensis).

Common Iora (philipi)
Latin Name: Aegithina tiphia philipi
philipi
● Dr Philip (fl. 1883) French physician, collector in Annam (subsp. Aegithina tiphia).
● Philip Lutley Sclater (1829-1913) English ornithologist, collector (syn. Casuarius unappendiculatus).

Common Iora (cambodiana)
Latin Name: Aegithina tiphia cambodiana
cambodiana / cambodianum / cambodianus
Cambodia.

Common Iora (horizoptera)
Latin Name: Aegithina tiphia horizoptera
horizoptera
Gr. ὁριζω horizō  to limit (i.e. short); -πτερος -pteros  -winged  < πτερον pteron  wing.

Common Iora (scapularis)
Latin Name: Aegithina tiphia scapularis
scapularis
Mod. L. scapularis  shoulder, scapular  < Med. L. scapulare  scapula, shoulder cloak, mantle  < Late L. scapula  shoulder  < L. scapulae   shoulders.
● ex “Tabuan Parrot” of Phillips 1789, and Latham 1802 (Alisterus).
● ex “Garza cuello pardo” of de Azara 1802-1805, no. 358 (syn. Butorides striata).
● ex “Gobe Mouches Mantelé” of Levaillant 1805, pl. 151 (syn. Trochocercus cyanomelas).

Common Iora (viridis)
Latin Name: Aegithina tiphia viridis
viridis
L. viridis  green  < virere  to be green.
● ex “Merle olive des grandes Indes” of d’Aubenton 1765-1781, pl. 564, fig. 1 (syn. Acritillas indica).
● ex “Green Grakle” of Latham 1801 (syn. Ailuroedus crassirostris).
● ex “Porphyrio viridis” of Brisson 1760, “Poule-Sultane verte” of de Buffon 1770-1783, and “Green Gallinule” of Latham 1785 (?syn. Amaurornis akool).
● ex “Meunier de Cayenne” of d’Aubenton 1765-1781, pl. 861 (syn. Amazona farinosa).
● ex “Grande pie-grièche verdâtre de Madagascar” of d’Aubenton 1765-1781, pl. 374, and “Tcha-chert-bé” of de Buffon 1770-1783 (Artamella).
● ex “Olivert” of Levaillant 1803, pl. 125 (syn. Camaroptera brachyura).
● ex “Coucou verd d’Antigue” of Sonnerat 1776 (Centropus).
● ex “Tourterelle de Java” of d’Aubenton 1765-1781, pl. 177 (syn. Chalcophaps indica).
● ex “Grimpereau verd de Cayenne” of d’Aubenton 1765-1781, pl. 682, fig. 1 (= ♀) (syn. Chlorophanes spiza).
● ex “Grimpereau verd du cap de Bonne Espérance” of Sonnerat 1782 (syn. Cinnyris afer).
● ex “Habia verde” of de Azara 1802-1805, no. 89 (Cyclarhis).
● ex “Yellow-brested Chat” of Catesby 1731, “Merula viridis carolinensis” of Brisson 1760, “Merle vert de la Caroline” of de Buffon 1770-1783, and “Chattering Fly-catcher” of Latham 17783, and Pennant 1785 (syn. Icteria virens).
● ex “Icterus minor viridis” of Brisson 1760, “Troupiale de Saint Domingue” or “Siffleur” of d’Aubenton 1765-1781, pl. 236, fig. 1, and “Whistler-Oriole” of Latham 1782 (?syn. Icterus galbula).
● ex “Yellow-throated Oriole” (= ☼) of Pennant 1785 (?syn. Icterus galbula (see below)).
● ex “Gallinula brasiliensis” or “Jacana” of Willughby 1676 and Ray 1713, “Jacana” of Brisson 1760, “Jacana vert” of de Buffon 1770-1783, and “Green Jacana” of Latham 1785 (syn. Jacana spinosa).
● ex “Green Shrike” of Latham 1781 (syn. Leptopterus chabert).
● ex “Blue-green Paradise-bird” of Latham 1783 (syn. Manucodia chalybata).
● "57. MEROPS.  ...  viridis.  2. M. dorso ferrugineo, abdomine alisque viridibus, gula caudaque cæruleis.  Ispida viridis, supra ferruginea. Osb. iter. 96.  Merops viridis, supra ferruginea. Chin. lagerstr. 5.  Merops benghalensis. Alb. av. 3. p. 29. t. 30.  Merops minor, caudæ 2. pennis longioribus & tenuioribus. Edw. av. 183. t. 183.  Habitat in Java, Benghala." (Linnaeus 1758) (Merops).
● ex “Green Grakle” of Latham 1801 (syn. Oriolus sagittatus).
● ex “Caracterizado verde y corona negra” of de Azara 1802-1805, no. 210 (Pachyramphus).
● "54. PICUS.  ...  viridis.  7. P. viridis, vertice coccineo. Fn. svec. 80.  Picus viridis. Gesn. av. 710. Aldr. ornith. l. 12. c. 34. Will. ornith. 93. t. 21. Raj. av. 42. Alb. av. I. p. 18. t. 18. Frisch. av. . . t. 35. f. 1.  Habitat in Europa." (Linnaeus 1758) (Picus).
● ex “Courly d’Italie” of d’Aubenton 1765-1781, pl. 819, and “Courlis vert” of de Buffon 1770-1786 (syn. Plegadis falcinellus).
● ex “Jacana” of Marcgrave 1648, and “Petite Poule-Sultane” of Brisson 1760 (syn. Porphyrula martinica).
● ex “Cassique vert de Cayenne” of d’Aubenton 1765-1781, pl. 328 (Psarocolius).
● ex “Yellow-throated Oriole” of Pennant 1785 (?syn. Pseudoleistes guirahuro (see above)).
● ex "Barbu de Mahé" of d'Aubenton 1765-1781, pl. 870, "Barbu vert" of de Buffon 1770-1786, and "Green Barbet" of Latham 1782 (Psilopogon).
● "46. RAMPHASTOS.  ...  viridis.  1. R. viridis, abdomine flavo, uropygio rubro.  Tucana cajanensis viridis. Briss. av. 4. p. 423. t. 33. f. i.  Tucan pectore flavo. Edw. av. 253. t. 329.  Habitat in Cayana.." (Linnaeus 1766) (Pteroglossus).
● "104. COLUMBA.  ...  viridis.  23. C. ænea, corpore subtus purpuro-violaceo. Briss. av. 1. p. 152. t. 15. f. 2.  Habitat in Amboina.  Pedes rubent plumis semitecti. Br. Rostrum rubrum." (Linnaeus 1766) (Ptilinopus).
● ex “Malkoha Rouverdin” of Levaillant 1807, pl. 225 (syn. Rhamphococcyx curvirostris).
● ex “Green Partridge” of Latham 1783 (syn. Rollulus rouloul).
● ex “Râle de Cayenne” of d’Aubenton 1765-1781, pl. 368; “The oldest name for this species is undoubtedly viridis of P. L. S. Müller, but I do not adopt it, as there is nothing green about the plumage of the bird” (Sharpe 1894) (to be fair to Statius Müller the plate by d’Aubenton does show a dark-olive-backed bird) (Rufirallus).
● ex "Pie-grièche Perrin" of Levaillant 1808: "Nous devons la connaissance de cette belle pie-grièche à M. Perrin, de Bordeaux" (Telophorus).
● ex “Gobe-mouche hupé du Sénégal” of d’Aubenton 1765-1781, pl. 573, fig. 2 (Terpsiphone).
● ex “Hirondelle verte” of Temminck 1807 (Tersina).
● ex “Todier de Saint-Domingue” of d’Aubenton 1765-1781, pl. 585, fig. 2 (syn. Todus subulatus).
● "61. TODUS.  ...  viridis.  1. T. viridis, pectore rubro.  Todus viridis, pectore rubra, rostro recto. Brown. jam. 476. Briss. av. 4. p. 528. t. 41. f. 2.  Rubecula viridis elegantissima. Sloan. jam. 2. p. 306. t.263. f. 1. Raj. av. 187. Edw. av. 121. t. 121.  Habitat in America.  Cauda rotundata." (Linnaeus 1766) (syn. Todus todus).
● "55. TROGON.  ...  viridis.  3. T. viridi aureus, subtus luteus, gula nigra.  Trogon cayanensis viridis. Briss. av. 4. p. 168. t. 17. f. 1.  β. Trogon cayanensis viridis, ventre candido. Briss. av. 4. p. 170.  Habitat in Cayania.  Fascia pectoralis viridi-aurea. An præcedentis varietas aut sexus?  Rectrices in hoc genere XII." (Linnaeus 1766) (Trogon).
● ex “Green-winged Hornbill” of Latham 1787 (unident.; but not a hornbill Bucerotidae).
● ex “Green Coly” of Latham 1787 (unident.; but probably not a mousebird Coliidae).
● ex “Green Wagtail” of Brown 1776 and Latham 1783 (unident.).
● ex “Green Thrush” of Latham 1783 (unident.).

Common Iora (aequanimis)
Latin Name: Aegithina tiphia aequanimis
aequanimis
L. aequanimis  mild, calm, kind  < aequus  equal; animus  character, spirit, soul.