Hirundo Rustica Bird

English Name:  Barn Swallow
Latin Name:  Hirundo rustica
Protonym:  Hirundo rustica Syst.Nat.ed.10 p.191
Taxonomy:  Passeriformes / Hirundinidae / Hirundo
Taxonomy Code:  barswa
Type Locality:  Europe, restricted type locality Sweden.
Author:  Linnaeus
Publish Year:  1758
IUCN Status:  Least Concern

DEFINITIONS

HIRUNDO
(Hirundinidae; Ϯ Barn Swallow H. rustica) L. hirundo, hirundinis  swallow; "101. HIRUNDO.  Rostrum minimum, incurvum, subulatum, basi depressum.  Rictus capite amplius." (Linnaeus 1758). “The type of this Linnean genus has always been a somewhat difficult question to decide. The genus contains eight species, of which the first-named is “rustica,” the Swallow, and this was made the type of the genus by Gray [1840] ...  Stejneger (Proc. U. S. National Mus. v. 1883, p. 31) first drew attention to the fact that Forster [1817] ...  used urbica (House-Martin) in conjunction with Hirundo, and rustica (Swallow) with Chelidon, a genus there first named, and he considered this to constitute a designation of the type by Forster ...  After careful consideration of the matter, the Committee are of opinion that Forster’s use of Hirundo in conjunction with urbica hardly constitutes designation as understood under the code of International Rules, and that Hirundo rustica is the correct type of the Linnean genus” (BOU 1915); "Hirundo Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 191. Type, by subsequent designation, Hirundo rustica Linnaeus (G. R. Gray, 1840, List Gen. Birds, p. 8.)." (Peters, 1960, IX, p. 104). Linnaeus's Hirundo comprised eight species (H. rustica, H. esculenta, H. urbica, H. riparia, H. Apus, H. Subis, H. pelagica, H. Melba).
Var. Hirunda.
Synon. Charitochelidon, Chelidon, Hemicecrops, Herse, Hersepis, Hypurolepis, Natalornis, Setirundo, Uromitus, Waldenia.

hirundo
L. hirundo, hirundinis  swallow.
● "70. STERNA.  ...  Hirundo.  2. S. cauda forficata: rectricibus duabus extimis albo nigroque dimidiatis. Fn. svec. 127.  Sterna. Gesn. av. 53. Aldr. orn. l. 19. c. 7. Jonst. av. 130. t. 46.  Hirundo marina. Will. orn. 268. t. 68. Raj. av. 131. Alb. av. 2. p. 79. t. 90.  Habitat in Europa.  Mas & Femina indissolubiles socii monogami." (Linnaeus 1758); “Prof. Einar Lönnberg (Ibis, 1913, p. 301) has gone carefully into the question whether S. hirundo Linn. should be applied to the Common or to the Arctic Tern. He has given good reasons for referring it to the former species, and the Committee have accepted his decision” (BOU 1915) (Sterna).

rustica
L. rusticus  rustic, plain, simple  < rus, ruris  country (cf. rustica  unknown gamebird).
● "61. ANAS.  ...  rustica.  21. A. fusco cinerea, macula aurium alarumque alba.  Anas minor ex albo & fusco varia. Catesb. car. I. p. 98. t. 98. [♀]  Habitat in America septentrionali." (Linnaeus 1758) (syn. Bucephala albeola).
● "101. HIRUNDO.  ...  rustica.  1. H. rectricibus, exceptis duabus intermediis, macula alba notatis. Fn. svec. 244.  Hirundo domestica. Gesn. av. 548. Aldr. orn. l. 17. c. 6. Jonst. av. 115. t. 42. Will. orn. 155. t. 39. Raj. av. 71. n. 1. Alb. av. I. p. 43. t. 45. Frisch. av. t. 18. f. 1.  Habitat in Europæ domibus intra tectum.  rustica & urbica autumno demergitur, vereque emergit.” (Linnaeus 1758) (Hirundo).

SUBSPECIES

Barn Swallow (White-bellied)
Latin Name: Hirundo rustica rustica
rustica
L. rusticus  rustic, plain, simple  < rus, ruris  country (cf. rustica  unknown gamebird).
● "61. ANAS.  ...  rustica.  21. A. fusco cinerea, macula aurium alarumque alba.  Anas minor ex albo & fusco varia. Catesb. car. I. p. 98. t. 98. [♀]  Habitat in America septentrionali." (Linnaeus 1758) (syn. Bucephala albeola).
● "101. HIRUNDO.  ...  rustica.  1. H. rectricibus, exceptis duabus intermediis, macula alba notatis. Fn. svec. 244.  Hirundo domestica. Gesn. av. 548. Aldr. orn. l. 17. c. 6. Jonst. av. 115. t. 42. Will. orn. 155. t. 39. Raj. av. 71. n. 1. Alb. av. I. p. 43. t. 45. Frisch. av. t. 18. f. 1.  Habitat in Europæ domibus intra tectum.  rustica & urbica autumno demergitur, vereque emergit.” (Linnaeus 1758) (Hirundo).

Barn Swallow (Egyptian)
Latin Name: Hirundo rustica savignii
savignii / savignyi
Marie-Jules-César Lelorgne de Savigny (1777-1851) French zoologist in Egypt and Syria during Napoleon's campaign 1798-1801 (syn. Bubo ascalaphus, syn. Hirundo lucida subalaris, subsp. Hirundo rustica, syn. Merops albicollis, syn. Merops persicus (ex “Guêpier Savigny” or “Guêpier Rousse-Gorge”of Levaillant 1807), syn. Spilopelia senegalensis).

Barn Swallow (Levant)
Latin Name: Hirundo rustica transitiva
transitiva / transitivus
L. transitivus passing over, transitive < transire to go over.

Barn Swallow (Tytler's)
Latin Name: Hirundo rustica tytleri
tytleri
Col. Robert Christopher Tytler (1818-1872) British Army in India 1835-1864, naturalist, pioneer photographer, collector (subsp. Aplonis panayensis, subsp. Cisticola exilis, syn. Ficedula parva, subsp. Hirundo rustica, subsp. Hypothymis azurea, Phylloscopus, subsp. Psittacula longicauda, syn. Tarsiger cyanura rufilata).

Barn Swallow (Buff-bellied)
Latin Name: Hirundo rustica gutturalis/mandschurica
HIRUNDO
(Hirundinidae; Ϯ Barn Swallow H. rustica) L. hirundo, hirundinis  swallow; "101. HIRUNDO.  Rostrum minimum, incurvum, subulatum, basi depressum.  Rictus capite amplius." (Linnaeus 1758). “The type of this Linnean genus has always been a somewhat difficult question to decide. The genus contains eight species, of which the first-named is “rustica,” the Swallow, and this was made the type of the genus by Gray [1840] ...  Stejneger (Proc. U. S. National Mus. v. 1883, p. 31) first drew attention to the fact that Forster [1817] ...  used urbica (House-Martin) in conjunction with Hirundo, and rustica (Swallow) with Chelidon, a genus there first named, and he considered this to constitute a designation of the type by Forster ...  After careful consideration of the matter, the Committee are of opinion that Forster’s use of Hirundo in conjunction with urbica hardly constitutes designation as understood under the code of International Rules, and that Hirundo rustica is the correct type of the Linnean genus” (BOU 1915); "Hirundo Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 191. Type, by subsequent designation, Hirundo rustica Linnaeus (G. R. Gray, 1840, List Gen. Birds, p. 8.)." (Peters, 1960, IX, p. 104). Linnaeus's Hirundo comprised eight species (H. rustica, H. esculenta, H. urbica, H. riparia, H. Apus, H. Subis, H. pelagica, H. Melba).
Var. Hirunda.
Synon. Charitochelidon, Chelidon, Hemicecrops, Herse, Hersepis, Hypurolepis, Natalornis, Setirundo, Uromitus, Waldenia.

Barn Swallow (American)
Latin Name: Hirundo rustica erythrogaster
erythrogaster / erythrogastra / erythrogastrus
Gr. ερυθρος eruthros  red; γαστηρ gastēr, γαστρος gastros  belly.
● ex “Martins-pecheurs du Sénégal” of d’Aubenton 1765-1781, pl. 356, fig. 2 (syn. Alcedo cristata).
● ex “Hirondelle à ventre roux de Cayenne” of d’Aubenton 1765-1781, pl. 724, fig. 1 (Hirundo).
● ex “Merle à ventre orangé du Sénégal” of d’Aubenton 1765-1781, pl. 358, and “Oranvert” of de Buffon 1770-1783 (syn. Lamprotornis pulcher).
● ex “Red-bellied Flycatcher” of Latham 1783 (syn. Petroica multicolor).