Spizella Passerina Bird

English Name:  Chipping Sparrow
Latin Name:  Spizella passerina
Protonym:  Fringilla passerina Allg.Uebers.Vogel[Latham] 3 p.544 pl.120 fig.1
Taxonomy:  Passeriformes / Passerellidae / Spizella
Taxonomy Code:  chispa
Type Locality:  Canada ; restricted to Quebec City, Quebec, by Oberholser, 1955, Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., 45, p. 60.
Author:  Bechstein
Publish Year:  1798
IUCN Status:  Least Concern

DEFINITIONS

SPIZELLA
(Passerellidae; Ϯ Field Sparrow S. pusilla) Dim. < Gr. σπιζα spiza  finch  < σπιζω spizō  to chirp; "FIELD SPARROW.  FRINGILLA PUSILLA.  ...  THIS is the smallest of all our Sparrows, and in Pennsylvania is generally migratory.  ...  It is more frequently found in the middle of fields and orchards than any of the other species, which usually lurk along hedge rows." (A. Wilson 1810); "3. Spizella, Nob.  (typ. Fr. pusilla, Wils.)" (Bonaparte 1831).
Synon. Spinites.

PASSERINA
(Cardinalidae; † Indigo Bunting P. cyanea) L. passerinus  sparrow-like (i.e. sparrow-sized)  < passer, passeris  sparrow; "55. PASSERINE, Passerina.  Fringilla, Emberiza, Linn. Gm. Lath.  Bec entier, moins large que la tête, un peu fort, droit, rétréci vers le bout, à bords inférieurs, quelquefois, les supérieurs fléchis en dedans, à ouverture dirigée obliquement et en en bas; mandibule supérieure à palais aplati, épais, lisse. — Ongle postérieur quelquefois plus long que le pouce, un peu crochu, ou droit et subulé.  3 sections.   Esp. Ministre. — Ortolan de riz, — de neige, Buff." (Vieillot 1816); "Passerina Vieillot, 1816, Analyse, p. 30.  Type, by subsequent designation (G. R. Gray, 1840, List Genera Birds, ed. 1, p. 46), "Le Ministre" of Buffon = Tanagra cyanea Linnaeus." (Paynter in Peters, 1970, XIII, pp. 237-238).
Synon. Aurella, Coccoborus, Cyanospiza, Goniaphea, Guiraca, Spiza.
• (Passerellidae; syn. Ammospiza † Saltmarsh Sparrow A. caudacutus) "AMMODRAMUS, Swains.  Oriolus, Gm.  Fringilla, Wils.  Passerina, Vieill.  Spiza, Bonap.   A. caudacutus, (Gm.) Swains.  Wils. Am. Orn., pl. 34. f. 3." (G. Gray 1840); "Passerina "Vieill." G. Gray, 1840, List Genera Birds, p. 46 (nom. oblit.).  Type, by original designation, A. caudacutus Gm., i.e. Oriolus caudacutus Gmelin, 1788." (JAJ 2021).
• (Emberizidae; syn. Emberiza † Yellowhammer E. citrinella) "EMBERIZA, L.  Fringilla, L.  Passerina, Vieill.  Cynchramus, Boie.   E. citrinella, L., Pl. enl. 30. f. 1." (G. Gray 1840); "Passerina "Vieill." G. Gray, 1840, List Genera Birds, p. 47 (nom. oblit.).  Type, by original designation, Emberiza citrinella Linnaeus, 1758." (JAJ 2021).
• (Passerellidae; syn. Junco † Dark-eyed Junco J. hyemalis) "STRUTHUS, Bonap. nec Boie.  Emberiza, Gm.  Passerina, Vieill.   S. hyemalis, (Gm.) Bonap." (G. Gray 1840); "Passerina "Vieill." G. Gray, 1840, List Genera Birds, p. 46 (nom. oblit.).  Type, by original designation, S. hyemalis (Gm.), i.e. Fringilla hyemalis Linnaeus, 1758." (JAJ 2021).
• (Passerellidae; syn. Passerculus † Savannah Sparrow P. sandwichensis) "PASSERCULUS, Bonap.  Fringilla, Wils.  Zonotrichia, Jard.  Passerina, Vieill.  Cynchramus, Boie.   P. savanus, (Wils.) Bonap.  Wils. Am. Orn., pl. 34. f. 4.  P. savannarum, Vieill." (G. Gray 1840); "Passerina "Vieill." G. Gray, 1840, List Genera Birds, p. 46 (nom. oblit.).  Type, by original designation, P. savanus (Wils.) = Emberiza sandwichensis Gmelin, 1789." (JAJ 2021).
• (Calcariidae; syn. Plectrophenax † Snow Bunting P. nivalis) "Genre PASSERINE, Passerina.  ...  Ce genre contient deux espèces qui ne sont que de passage en France.   1. PASSERINE DE NEIGE, Passerina nivalis.   ...   2. PASSERINE GRAND-MONTAIN, Emberiza lapponica" (Vieillot 1825); "Passerina Vieillot, 1825, Faune Française, Oiseaux, I, p. 85.  Type, by subsequent designation (G. Gray, 1840, List Genera Birds, p. 47), Emberiza nivalis Linnaeus, 1758." (JAJ 2021).
• (Passerellidae; syn. Spizella † Field Sparrow S. pusilla) "SPIZELLA, Bonap.  Fringilla, Wils.  Emberiza, Jard.  Passerina, Vieill.  Linaria, Boie.   S. pusilla, (Wils.) Bonap. Am. Orn., pl. 16. f. 2." (G. Gray 1840); "Passerina "Vieill." G. Gray, 1840, List Genera Birds, p. 46 (nom. oblit.).  Type, by original designation, Fringilla pusilla A. Wilson, 1810." (JAJ 2021).
• (Passerellidae; syn. Zonotrichia † White-crowned Sparrow Z. leucophrys) "ZONOTRICHIA, Swains.  Emberiza, Wils.  Spiza, Bonap.  Passerina, Vieill.   Z. leucophrys, (Wils.) Swains.  Wils. Am. Orn., pl. 31. f. 1." (G. Gray 1840); "Passerina "Vieill." G. Gray, 1840, List Genera Birds, p. 46 (nom. oblit.).  Type, by original designation, Z. leucophrys (Wils.), i.e. Emberiza leucophrys Forster, 1772." (JAJ 2021).

passerina
L. passerinus  sparrow-like (e.g. small)  < passer, passeris  sparrow (see passerinum).
● "92. COLUMBA.  ...  passerina.  22. C. rectricibus remigibusque obscurioribus, corpore purpurasecente, rostro pedibusque flavis.  Turtur minimus guttatus. Sloan. jam. 2. p. 305. t. 261. f. 3. Catesb. car. I. p. 26. t. 26.  Turtur minimus, alis maculosis. Raj. av. 184. n. 25.  Turtur barbadensis minimus. Raj. av. 62. n. 5. Will. orn. 135. t. 36.  Columba sylvestris minima brasiliensis. Raj. av. 62. n. 6.  Picuipinima. Marcgr. bras. 204.  Habitat in America inter tropicos.  Alæ extus tectricibus punctis s. maculis fuscis adspersæ." (Linnaeus 1758) (Columbina).
● ex “Borin” of Aldrovandus 1599-1603, Jonston 1650-1653, Ray 1713, and Willughby 1676, “Curruca minor” of Brisson 1760, “Passerinette” of d’Aubenton 1765-1781, pl. 579, fig. 2, and de Buffon 1770-1786, and “Passerine Warbler” of Latham 1783 (syn. Sylvia cantillans).
● ex “Passerine Fly-catcher” of Latham 1787 (unident.).

SUBSPECIES

Chipping Sparrow (arizonae)
Latin Name: Spizella passerina arizonae
arizonae / arizonensis
Arizona, USA.

Chipping Sparrow (passerina)
Latin Name: Spizella passerina passerina
PASSERINA
(Cardinalidae; † Indigo Bunting P. cyanea) L. passerinus  sparrow-like (i.e. sparrow-sized)  < passer, passeris  sparrow; "55. PASSERINE, Passerina.  Fringilla, Emberiza, Linn. Gm. Lath.  Bec entier, moins large que la tête, un peu fort, droit, rétréci vers le bout, à bords inférieurs, quelquefois, les supérieurs fléchis en dedans, à ouverture dirigée obliquement et en en bas; mandibule supérieure à palais aplati, épais, lisse. — Ongle postérieur quelquefois plus long que le pouce, un peu crochu, ou droit et subulé.  3 sections.   Esp. Ministre. — Ortolan de riz, — de neige, Buff." (Vieillot 1816); "Passerina Vieillot, 1816, Analyse, p. 30.  Type, by subsequent designation (G. R. Gray, 1840, List Genera Birds, ed. 1, p. 46), "Le Ministre" of Buffon = Tanagra cyanea Linnaeus." (Paynter in Peters, 1970, XIII, pp. 237-238).
Synon. Aurella, Coccoborus, Cyanospiza, Goniaphea, Guiraca, Spiza.
• (Passerellidae; syn. Ammospiza † Saltmarsh Sparrow A. caudacutus) "AMMODRAMUS, Swains.  Oriolus, Gm.  Fringilla, Wils.  Passerina, Vieill.  Spiza, Bonap.   A. caudacutus, (Gm.) Swains.  Wils. Am. Orn., pl. 34. f. 3." (G. Gray 1840); "Passerina "Vieill." G. Gray, 1840, List Genera Birds, p. 46 (nom. oblit.).  Type, by original designation, A. caudacutus Gm., i.e. Oriolus caudacutus Gmelin, 1788." (JAJ 2021).
• (Emberizidae; syn. Emberiza † Yellowhammer E. citrinella) "EMBERIZA, L.  Fringilla, L.  Passerina, Vieill.  Cynchramus, Boie.   E. citrinella, L., Pl. enl. 30. f. 1." (G. Gray 1840); "Passerina "Vieill." G. Gray, 1840, List Genera Birds, p. 47 (nom. oblit.).  Type, by original designation, Emberiza citrinella Linnaeus, 1758." (JAJ 2021).
• (Passerellidae; syn. Junco † Dark-eyed Junco J. hyemalis) "STRUTHUS, Bonap. nec Boie.  Emberiza, Gm.  Passerina, Vieill.   S. hyemalis, (Gm.) Bonap." (G. Gray 1840); "Passerina "Vieill." G. Gray, 1840, List Genera Birds, p. 46 (nom. oblit.).  Type, by original designation, S. hyemalis (Gm.), i.e. Fringilla hyemalis Linnaeus, 1758." (JAJ 2021).
• (Passerellidae; syn. Passerculus † Savannah Sparrow P. sandwichensis) "PASSERCULUS, Bonap.  Fringilla, Wils.  Zonotrichia, Jard.  Passerina, Vieill.  Cynchramus, Boie.   P. savanus, (Wils.) Bonap.  Wils. Am. Orn., pl. 34. f. 4.  P. savannarum, Vieill." (G. Gray 1840); "Passerina "Vieill." G. Gray, 1840, List Genera Birds, p. 46 (nom. oblit.).  Type, by original designation, P. savanus (Wils.) = Emberiza sandwichensis Gmelin, 1789." (JAJ 2021).
• (Calcariidae; syn. Plectrophenax † Snow Bunting P. nivalis) "Genre PASSERINE, Passerina.  ...  Ce genre contient deux espèces qui ne sont que de passage en France.   1. PASSERINE DE NEIGE, Passerina nivalis.   ...   2. PASSERINE GRAND-MONTAIN, Emberiza lapponica" (Vieillot 1825); "Passerina Vieillot, 1825, Faune Française, Oiseaux, I, p. 85.  Type, by subsequent designation (G. Gray, 1840, List Genera Birds, p. 47), Emberiza nivalis Linnaeus, 1758." (JAJ 2021).
• (Passerellidae; syn. Spizella † Field Sparrow S. pusilla) "SPIZELLA, Bonap.  Fringilla, Wils.  Emberiza, Jard.  Passerina, Vieill.  Linaria, Boie.   S. pusilla, (Wils.) Bonap. Am. Orn., pl. 16. f. 2." (G. Gray 1840); "Passerina "Vieill." G. Gray, 1840, List Genera Birds, p. 46 (nom. oblit.).  Type, by original designation, Fringilla pusilla A. Wilson, 1810." (JAJ 2021).
• (Passerellidae; syn. Zonotrichia † White-crowned Sparrow Z. leucophrys) "ZONOTRICHIA, Swains.  Emberiza, Wils.  Spiza, Bonap.  Passerina, Vieill.   Z. leucophrys, (Wils.) Swains.  Wils. Am. Orn., pl. 31. f. 1." (G. Gray 1840); "Passerina "Vieill." G. Gray, 1840, List Genera Birds, p. 46 (nom. oblit.).  Type, by original designation, Z. leucophrys (Wils.), i.e. Emberiza leucophrys Forster, 1772." (JAJ 2021).

Chipping Sparrow (atremaea)
Latin Name: Spizella passerina atremaea
atremaea / atremaeus
Gr. ατρεμαιος atremaios  calm, quiet  < negative prefix α- a- ; τρεμω tremō  to tremble.
● Los Frailes, Chihuahua, Mexico (Spanish frailes  friars) (subsp. Spizella passerina).

Chipping Sparrow (mexicana)
Latin Name: Spizella passerina mexicana
mexicana
Mexico (probably named after Mexihtli, another name for Huitzilopochtli the Aztec god of war).
● ex “Acatechichictli” of Ray 1713, “Ligurinus mexicanus” of Brisson 1760, “Acatéchili” of de Buffon 1770-1783, and “Mexican Siskin” of Latham 1783 (?syn. Carduelis tristis).
● ex “Bruant du Méxique” of d’Aubenton 1765-1781, pl. 386, fig. 1, and “Thérèse jaune” of de Buffon 1770-1786 (syn. Haemorhous mexicanus).
● ex “Yohoalcoachitlin” of Ray 1713, “Fulica mexicana” of Brisson 1760, and “Mexican Coot” of Latham 1785 (syn. Porphyrula martinica).
● Erroneous TL. New Spain (?= New Granada); ex “Avis Ani mexicana cauda longissima” of Seba 1734-1765, “Promerops mexicanus” of Brisson 1760, “Promérops à ailes bleues” of de Buffon 1770-1783, and “Mexican Promerops” of Latham 1782 (?syn. Ptilogonys caudatus).
● Erroneous TL. Upper California, Mexico (= Bahia, Brazil) (syn. Spinus yarrellii).
● Erroneous TL. Mexico (= Cayenne); ex “Touauhtototl” of Hernandez 1651, and Ray 1713, and “Tangara bleu de Cayenne” of Brisson 1760 (Tangara).
● "96. LOXIA.  ...  mexicana.  8. L. rubra, alis nigris.  Avis mexicana rubra passeris species. Seb. mus. I. p. 101. t. 95. f. 1.  Habitat in America australi." (Linnaeus 1758) (unident.; ?Thraupidae).

Chipping Sparrow (pinetorum)
Latin Name: Spizella passerina pinetorum
pinetorum
L. pinetorum of the pines < pinus pine-tree.