Pipilo Maculatus Bird

English Name:  Spotted Towhee
Latin Name:  Pipilo maculatus
Protonym:  Pipilo maculata Philos.Mag.n.s. n.s., 1 p.434
Taxonomy:  Passeriformes / Passerellidae / Pipilo
Taxonomy Code:  spotow
Type Locality:  Real del Monte [, Hidalgo] , Mexico.
Author:  Swainson
Publish Year:  1827
IUCN Status:  

DEFINITIONS

PIPILO
(Passerellidae; Ϯ Eastern Towhee P. erythrophthalmus) L. pipilo  I chirp  < pipilare  to chirp, to peep  < pipare  to chirp (see Cumana); "68. TOUIT, Pipilo.  Emberiza, Linn. Gm. Lath.  Bec épais à la base, robuste, convexe en dessus, échancré et courbé à la pointe; mandibule supérieure couvrant les bords de l'inférieure qui sont fléchis en dedans. — Ailes courtes.   Esp. Pinson aux yeux rouges, Buff." (Vieillot 1816); "Pipilo Vieillot, 1816, Analyse, p. 32. Type, by monotypy, "Pinson aux yeux rouges" of Buffon = Fringilla erythrophthalma Linnaeus." (Paynter in Peters 1970, XIII, 168).
Var. Pipillo.
Synon. Chamaeospiza, Chlorura, Hortulanus, Oberholseria, Oreospiza.

maculatum / maculatus
L. maculatus spotted, blotched < maculare to make spotted < macula spot.
● ex “Colibri à gorge verte de Cayenne” of d’Aubenton 1765-1781, pl. 671, fig. 1, “Colibri à cravate verte” of de Buffon 1770-1783, and “Green-throated Humming-bird” of Latham 1782 (syn. Anthracothorax viridigula).
● ex “Tachard” of Levaillant 1798, pl. 19 (syn. Buteo oreophilus, syn. Buteo trizonatus, syn. Pernis apivorus).
● ex “Spotted Curucui” of Brown 1776, and Latham 1782 (Chalcites).
● ex “Patch-necked Humming-bird” of Latham 1787 (syn. Chrysolampis mosquitus).
● ex “Petit pic d’Antigue” of Sonnerat 1776 (Dendrocopos).
● ex “Coucou tacheté de la Chine” of d’Aubenton 1765-1781, pl. 764 (syn. Eudynamys scolopaceus).
● ex “Merle à gorge noire de St. Domingue” of d’Aubenton 1765-1781, pl. 559 (?syn. Icterus cucullatus).
● ex “Hirondelle tachetée de Cayenne” of d’Aubenton 1765-1781, pl. 546, fig. 1 (?Iridoprocne albiventer).
● ex “Botaurus naevius” of Brisson 1760, “Schwarzer Reiger” of Frisch et al. 1763, “Butor tacheté” or “Pouacre” of de Buffon 1770-1783, and “Spotted Heron” of Latham 1785 (syn. Ixobrychus minutus).
● ex “Fou tacheté de Cayenne” of d’Aubenton 1765-1781, pl. 986 (= ☼), “Fou tacheté” of de Buffon 1770-1783, and “Spotted Booby of Latham 1785 (syn. Morus bassanus).
● ex “Gobe-mouche tacheté de Cayenne” of d’Aubenton 1765-1781, pl. 453, fig. 2 (Myiodynastes).
● ex “Matuiti” of Willughby 1676, Ray 1713, and de Buffon 1770-1783, “Ispida Brasiliensis naevia” of Brisson 1760, and “Brasilian Spotted Kingsfisher” of Latham 1782 (Nystalus).
● ex “Râle tacheté de Cayenne” of d’Aubenton 1765-1781, pl. 775 (Pardirallus).
● ex “Ñacurutú chorreado” of de Azara 1802-1805, no. 44 (syn. Rhinoptynx clamator midas).
● ex “Spotted Red-shank” of Pennant 1761 (syn. Tringa erythropus).

SUBSPECIES

Spotted Towhee (oregonus Group)
Latin Name: Pipilo maculatus [oregonus Group]
PIPILO
(Passerellidae; Ϯ Eastern Towhee P. erythrophthalmus) L. pipilo  I chirp  < pipilare  to chirp, to peep  < pipare  to chirp (see Cumana); "68. TOUIT, Pipilo.  Emberiza, Linn. Gm. Lath.  Bec épais à la base, robuste, convexe en dessus, échancré et courbé à la pointe; mandibule supérieure couvrant les bords de l'inférieure qui sont fléchis en dedans. — Ailes courtes.   Esp. Pinson aux yeux rouges, Buff." (Vieillot 1816); "Pipilo Vieillot, 1816, Analyse, p. 32. Type, by monotypy, "Pinson aux yeux rouges" of Buffon = Fringilla erythrophthalma Linnaeus." (Paynter in Peters 1970, XIII, 168).
Var. Pipillo.
Synon. Chamaeospiza, Chlorura, Hortulanus, Oberholseria, Oreospiza.

Spotted Towhee (arcticus)
Latin Name: Pipilo maculatus arcticus
arcticus
L. arcticus  northern, arctic  < Gr. αρκτικος arktikos  northern  < αρκτος arktos  north.

Spotted Towhee (maculatus Group)
Latin Name: Pipilo maculatus [maculatus Group]
PIPILO
(Passerellidae; Ϯ Eastern Towhee P. erythrophthalmus) L. pipilo  I chirp  < pipilare  to chirp, to peep  < pipare  to chirp (see Cumana); "68. TOUIT, Pipilo.  Emberiza, Linn. Gm. Lath.  Bec épais à la base, robuste, convexe en dessus, échancré et courbé à la pointe; mandibule supérieure couvrant les bords de l'inférieure qui sont fléchis en dedans. — Ailes courtes.   Esp. Pinson aux yeux rouges, Buff." (Vieillot 1816); "Pipilo Vieillot, 1816, Analyse, p. 32. Type, by monotypy, "Pinson aux yeux rouges" of Buffon = Fringilla erythrophthalma Linnaeus." (Paynter in Peters 1970, XIII, 168).
Var. Pipillo.
Synon. Chamaeospiza, Chlorura, Hortulanus, Oberholseria, Oreospiza.

Spotted Towhee (Olive-backed)
Latin Name: Pipilo maculatus macronyx
MACRONYX
(Motacillidae; Ϯ Orange-throated Longclaw M. capensis) Gr. μακρος makros  long, great; ονυξ onux, ονυχος onukhos  claw; "MACRONYX.   ...   Bill moderate, straight, the culmen slightly arched.  Nostrils naked, large, the aperture oblong.  Wings rather short, the four first quills equal and longest.  Tail slightly rounded.  Feet long; the lateral scales of the tarsi entire; the nail of the hind toe very long and curved.   Type. L'Alouette Sentinelle. Levaill., Ois. pl. 195." (Swainson 1827); "Macronyx Swainson, 1827, Zool. Journ., 3, p. 344. Type, by original designation, "L'Alouette sentinelle" of Levaillant = Alauda capensis Linnaeus" (White in Peters 1960, IX, 142).

Spotted Towhee (Socorro)
Latin Name: Pipilo maculatus socorroensis
socoroensis / socorroensis
Socorro I., Baja California, Mexico.