Xolmis Cinereus Bird

English Name:  Gray Monjita
Latin Name:  Xolmis cinereus
Protonym:  Tyrannus cinereus Analyse p.68
Taxonomy:  Passeriformes / Tyrannidae / Xolmis
Taxonomy Code:  grymon1
Type Locality:  'I''Amerique Merid.;'' restricted to hinterland of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil by Hellmayr, 1929, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 305.
Author:  Vieillot
Publish Year:  1816
IUCN Status:  Least Concern

DEFINITIONS

XOLMIS
(Tyrannidae; Ϯ White Monjita X. irupero)  I cannot find this name in my dictionaries, and David & Gosselin 2002b, list it as a word of unknown origin. It may be a misreading of “Xomotl” of Hernandez 1651: “De Xomotl  ...  Avis est dorso et alis desuper nigris, ac pectore fusco” (Aztec Xomotl waterbird, perhaps some sort of duck), or perhaps be based on an unrecorded Güaraní name (although not found under “Pepoaza” in de Azara 1802-1805, nos. 201, 202, 203); "X. Fam. Muscicapiadae Vigors.  Muscicapa Lin. ²   ...   ² Ferner könnten als Gattungen abgesondert werden: Knipolegus für Musc. lophotes Tem. und cyaneirostris Vieill. Az. 181; die Peposaza [sic] Az. (Xolmis), die sich in der Lebensweise den Arten der Gattung Oenanthe nähern und die Queues-rares (Xenurus) desselben.  Alle hieher zu stellende Vögel zeichnen sich durch rauhe Stimme und die Gewohnheit aus, auf zweyflüglige Insecten zu lauren, und dieselben im Fluge zu haschen. Sie fitzen vorzugsweise auf dürren Zweigen und Aesten" (Boie 1826); "Gattung Xolmis ²  Pepoazo Azar.  Hieher aus America:   1. Muscicapa moesta Lichst. Az. [= X. irupero]    2. — vittigera Lichst. Azar. [= X. coronata]    3. — mystacalis Spix tab. 31. [= Fluvicola nengeta]    4. — velata Lichst. [= X. velata]    5. — bicolor Gm. [= Fluvicola pica]    Die Lebensweise dieser weiß und schwarz gefärbten Vögel nähert sich der der Steinschmätzer (Vitiflora Briss.), an die sie sich auch durch die Vertheilung der Farben ihres Gefieders anschließen.   ...   ². Ξολμις, Isis 1826 S. 975." (Boie 1828); "Xolmis Boie, 1826, Isis von Oken, col. 973; based on "die Pepoasza" [= Las Pepoazás] of Azara, 1805, Apuntamientos Hist. Nat. Páxaros Paraguay Rio Plata, 2, pp. 164-175. Type, by subsequent designation (Sclater, 1888, Cat. Birds, Brit. Mus., 14, p. 10)¹, T[aenioptera] irupero (Vieillot) = Tyrannus irupero Vieillot.   ...   ¹ G. R. Gray (1840, List Genera Birds, p. 29) proposed "X[olmis] Nengeta (L.)" as type of Xolmis, but that species was not one of the six species included by Azara in his "Pepoazás," the sole basis of Boie's name Xolmis. Later, Boie (1828 Isis von Oken, col. 318) again used the name Xolmis, this time for five species, only three of which were among the original six. This time Boie quoted binomial names (taken from earlier authors) and by doing so he restricted the possible candidates for selection as types of the genus to these three." (Traylor in Peters 1979, VIII, 162). 
Var. Xolmus.
Synon. Hemipenthica, Heteroxolmis, Hydrozetetes, Nengetus, Orsipus, Pepoaza, Pyrope, Taenioptera.

cinereum / cinereus
L. cinereus  ash-grey, ash-coloured  < cinis, cineris  ashes.
● ex “Cinereous or Ash-coloured Vulture” of Willughby 1676, and Latham 1781, “Vultur cinereus” of Ray 1713, “Vultur fusco-nigricans” of Brisson 1760, and “Vautour” or “Grand Vautour” of d’Aubenton 1765-1781, pl. 425, and de Buffon 1770-1783 (syn. Aegypius monachus).
● ex “Maracana” of Willughby 1676, “Maracana Brasiliensibus” of Ray 1713, “Psittacus brasiliensis cinereus” of Brisson 1760, and “Cinereous Parrot” of Latham 1781 (?syn. Anodorhynchus glaucus).
● ex “Gobe-mouche roux de Cayenne” of Brisson 1760 (syn. Attila rufus).
● ex “Falco freti Hudsonis” of Brisson 1760, “Faucon de la Baie d’Hudson” of de Buffon 1770-1783, and “Ash-coloured Buzzard” of Latham 1781 (syn. Buteo buteo).
● ex “Cinereous Wattle-bird” of Latham 1781 (Callaeas).
● ex “Ash-bellied Humming-bird” of Latham 1782 (syn. Campylopterus largipennis).
● ex “Gavilan del campo ceniciento” of de Azara 1802-1805, nos.32, 33 (Circus).
● ex “Grive de Cayenne” of d’Aubenton 1765-1781, pl. 515 (?Cotinga sp.).
● ex “Tinamou cendré” of de Buffon 1770-1783, and “Cinereous Tinamou” of Latham 1785 (Crypturellus).
● ex “Cotinga Cendré” of Levaillant 1801 (syn. Lipaugus vociferans).
● ex “Wax-billed Barbet” of Latham, 1782 (syn. Monasa niger).
● (Boddaert 1783) ex “Manakin cendré de Cayenne” (= ♂) of d’Aubenton 1765-1781, pl. 687, fig. 1, and “Oiseau cendré de la Guyane” of de Buffon 1770-1785 (syn. Pachyramphus rufus).
● (J. Gmelin 1789) ex “Cinereous Manakin” of Latham 1783 (syn. Pachyramphus rufus).
● ex “Mésange Grise au Joue Blanche” of Levaillant 1804, pl. 139, fig. 2 (Parus).
● ex “Oiseaux grises” or “Oies de plein” of Pernety 1769, “Race horse Duck” of Pernety 1771, and “Loggerhead Goose” of Latham 1785 (syn. Tachyeres brachypterus).
● ex “Grey and Yellow Flycatcher” of Edwards 1751 (Todirostrum).
● "57. MEROPS.  ...  cinereus.  3. M. rubro flavoque variegatus, subtus flavo-rubescens, rectricibus duabus longissimis rubris.  Avicula de gvauheilui [= Quauhcilui]. Seb. mus. I. p. 50. t. 30. f. 10.  Habitat in America." (Linnaeus 1758) (unident.; nom. dub.)
● (Forster 1781) ex “Merula Indica cinerea” of Brisson 1760 (unident.).
● (J. Gmelin 1789) ex “Merula Indica cinerea” of Brisson 1760, “Merle cendré des Indes” of de Buffon 1770-1783, and “Ash-coloured Thrush” of Latham 1783 (unident.).

SUBSPECIES

Gray Monjita (cinereus)
Latin Name: Xolmis cinereus cinereus
cinereum / cinereus
L. cinereus  ash-grey, ash-coloured  < cinis, cineris  ashes.
● ex “Cinereous or Ash-coloured Vulture” of Willughby 1676, and Latham 1781, “Vultur cinereus” of Ray 1713, “Vultur fusco-nigricans” of Brisson 1760, and “Vautour” or “Grand Vautour” of d’Aubenton 1765-1781, pl. 425, and de Buffon 1770-1783 (syn. Aegypius monachus).
● ex “Maracana” of Willughby 1676, “Maracana Brasiliensibus” of Ray 1713, “Psittacus brasiliensis cinereus” of Brisson 1760, and “Cinereous Parrot” of Latham 1781 (?syn. Anodorhynchus glaucus).
● ex “Gobe-mouche roux de Cayenne” of Brisson 1760 (syn. Attila rufus).
● ex “Falco freti Hudsonis” of Brisson 1760, “Faucon de la Baie d’Hudson” of de Buffon 1770-1783, and “Ash-coloured Buzzard” of Latham 1781 (syn. Buteo buteo).
● ex “Cinereous Wattle-bird” of Latham 1781 (Callaeas).
● ex “Ash-bellied Humming-bird” of Latham 1782 (syn. Campylopterus largipennis).
● ex “Gavilan del campo ceniciento” of de Azara 1802-1805, nos.32, 33 (Circus).
● ex “Grive de Cayenne” of d’Aubenton 1765-1781, pl. 515 (?Cotinga sp.).
● ex “Tinamou cendré” of de Buffon 1770-1783, and “Cinereous Tinamou” of Latham 1785 (Crypturellus).
● ex “Cotinga Cendré” of Levaillant 1801 (syn. Lipaugus vociferans).
● ex “Wax-billed Barbet” of Latham, 1782 (syn. Monasa niger).
● (Boddaert 1783) ex “Manakin cendré de Cayenne” (= ♂) of d’Aubenton 1765-1781, pl. 687, fig. 1, and “Oiseau cendré de la Guyane” of de Buffon 1770-1785 (syn. Pachyramphus rufus).
● (J. Gmelin 1789) ex “Cinereous Manakin” of Latham 1783 (syn. Pachyramphus rufus).
● ex “Mésange Grise au Joue Blanche” of Levaillant 1804, pl. 139, fig. 2 (Parus).
● ex “Oiseaux grises” or “Oies de plein” of Pernety 1769, “Race horse Duck” of Pernety 1771, and “Loggerhead Goose” of Latham 1785 (syn. Tachyeres brachypterus).
● ex “Grey and Yellow Flycatcher” of Edwards 1751 (Todirostrum).
● "57. MEROPS.  ...  cinereus.  3. M. rubro flavoque variegatus, subtus flavo-rubescens, rectricibus duabus longissimis rubris.  Avicula de gvauheilui [= Quauhcilui]. Seb. mus. I. p. 50. t. 30. f. 10.  Habitat in America." (Linnaeus 1758) (unident.; nom. dub.)
● (Forster 1781) ex “Merula Indica cinerea” of Brisson 1760 (unident.).
● (J. Gmelin 1789) ex “Merula Indica cinerea” of Brisson 1760, “Merle cendré des Indes” of de Buffon 1770-1783, and “Ash-coloured Thrush” of Latham 1783 (unident.).

Gray Monjita (pepoaza)
Latin Name: Xolmis cinereus pepoaza
pepoaza
Güaraní name Pepó-asá  bar-winged (bird), for a tyrant flycatcher.
● ex “Pepoaza” of de Azara 1802-1805, no. 201 (subsp. Xolmis cinereus).