Cinclus Cinclus Bird

English Name:  White-throated Dipper
Latin Name:  Cinclus cinclus
Protonym:  Sturnus cinclus Syst.Nat.ed.10 p.168
Taxonomy:  Passeriformes / Cinclidae / Cinclus
Taxonomy Code:  whtdip1
Type Locality:  in Europa = Sweden.
Author:  Linnaeus
Publish Year:  1758
IUCN Status:  Least Concern

DEFINITIONS

CINCLUS
(Cinclidae; † White-throated Dipper C. cinclus) Specific name Sturnus cinclus Linnaeus, 1758; the dippers are a small, distinctive group of passerines adapted to swimming and hunting under water; "XXIII. Gattung, Wasseramsel, Cinclus.    ...   128) Cinclus hydrophilus, die gemeine Wasseramsel, schwarz mit weißer Brust.  Linn. p. 803. nr. 5.  Faun. suec. nr. 214. Sturnus Cinclus.  Bechsteins Nat. Gesch. Deutschl. IV. S. 167.  Der Wasserstaar.  Göze Fauna V. I. S. 67. Wasserstaar.  Scopoli Ann. I. nr. 223. Motacilla Cinclus.  Lathams Uebers. III. S. 45. nr. 50. Wasseramsel (unter den Drosseln).   ...   Aber nirgends steht er am rechten Art, und nur in einer eigenen Gattung, wozu der Bau seines Körpers und Schnabels hinlängliche Kennzeichen darbieten, kann er eine angemessene Stelle finden." (Borkhausen 1797); "Wassenschwätzer. Cinclus   ...   Der Gestalt nach unter die Singvögel gehörig, der Nahrung und Lebensart nach aber sich den Sumpfvögeln und zwar den Strandläufen nähernd. Nähren sich von Wasserinsekten und nisten in Uferlöchern   ...   Sturnus Cinclus. Linn." (Bechstein 1802); "Cinclus Borkhausen, 1797, Deutsche Fauna, 1, p. 300.  Type, by monotypy, Cinclus hydrophilus Borkhausen = Sturnus cinclus Linnaeus." (Greenway in Peters, 1960, IX, p. 374).
Var. Cinches.
Synon. Accentor, Aquatilis, Hydrichla, Hydrobata.
• (Scolopacidae; syn. Arenaria † Ruddy Turnstone A. interpres) Gr. κιγκλος kinklos  unidentified waterside bird; "CINCLUS, Mœhr. (1752).  Strepsilas, Ill. (1811).  Arenaria, Briss. (1760).  Morinella, Meyer (1810).  Tringa, L.    C. morinellus, (L.) G. R. Gray. Pl. enl. 856.  S. interpres, Ill.  S. collaris, Temm." (G. Gray 1841); "Cinclus "Moehring" (not of Borkhausen, 1797, nor of Bechstein, 1802) Gray, List Gen. Subgen. Bds., 2nd ed., p. 85, 1841—type, by orig. desig., Tringa morinella Linnaeus [= Tringa interpres Linnaeus]." (Hellmayr and Conover, 1948, Cat. Birds Americas, Pt. I (3), p. 134); Gray has opened Pandora's box here; Moehring's "Cinclus", in so far as it is identifiable at all, is most probably the Dunlin, and certainly not the Turnstone.
• (Scolopacidae; syn. Calidris † Dunlin C. alpina) "HALVE SNEP, LOOPERTJE, in 't Lat. Cinclus.* [RAY. Syn. Av. p. 110]" (Moehring 1758); "L'ALOUETTE-DE-MER.  ... CINCLUS" (Brisson 1760): ex "Cinclus" of Gessner 1555, "Schoeniclus" of Aldrovandus 1599-1603, "Junco" of Charleton 1668, "Ox-eye" of Ray 1713, and other references. The "Ox-eye" of Ray is certainly the Dunlin.  Although historically Tringa Cinclus has been used for a variety of waders, Cinclus Bechstein, 1804: "Steinpicker  ...  Tringa Cinclus, alpina, islandica u.a.", also represents the Dunlin (OD per Björn Bergenholtz).
• (syn. ?) Rafinesque's first use of this name; perhaps a lapsus for Coloeus; "Sous-famille. CORACINIA. Coraces. Bec comprimé.  G. 1. Coracias L.   2. Becardia R.   3. Gonotrimphus R.   4. Paradisea L.    5. Nemoderus R. L.   6. Caryocactes R.   7. Cinclus R.   8. Corvus L.   9. Kinkus R.   10. Corbivus R." (Rafinesque 1815).
• (syn. ?) Rafinesque's second use of this name; "2. Sous-famille. STURNIDIA. Les Sturniens. Bec allongé, non comprimé.   20. Glaucopis L.   21. Buphaga L.   22. Oriolus L.   23. Sturnus L. Quiscalis R.   24. Calleas R.   25. Icterus Daud.   26. Cacicus Daud.   27. Xanthornus R.   28. Cinclus R." (Rafinesque 1815).

cinclus
Gr. κιγκλος kinklos  small tail-wagging waterside bird mentioned by Aristotle, Aristophanes, Aelianus and other authors, perhaps a wagtail or a sandpiper, but never properly identified. Variously treated by later authors as a wagtail, sandpiper, dipper, thrush or ouzel. In ornithology cinclus is associated with a great variety of unrelated thrush-like birds (e.g., the water ouzel or dipper), but rarely with the true thrushes.
● (syn. Actitis hypoleucos).
● (syn. Arenaria interpres).
● ex “Cinclus” of Gessner 1555, Aldrovandus 1599-1603, and Ray 1713, and “Tringa Cinclus” of Brisson 1760 (syn. Calidris alpina).
● "94. STURNUS.  ...  Cinclus.  4. S. niger, pectore albo.  Motacilla pectore albo, corpore nigro. Fn. svec. 216.  Merula aquatica. Gesn. av. 609. Aldr. orn. l. 20. c. 54. Will. orn. 104. t. 24. Raj. av. 66. n. 7. Alb. av. 2. p. 36. t. 39.  Habitat in Europa ad aquas: Hyeme ad cataractas, fontesque non congelandos, ubi descendit per voragines voratura Oniscos aquaticos Insectaque alia: emergitque non palmipes, hyeme solitaria, æstate plerumque gemina versatur. Mere insectivora nec granivora, naribus laminula fere clausis distincta a Motacillis." (Linnaeus 1758) (Cinclus).

CINCLUS
(Cinclidae; † White-throated Dipper C. cinclus) Specific name Sturnus cinclus Linnaeus, 1758; the dippers are a small, distinctive group of passerines adapted to swimming and hunting under water; "XXIII. Gattung, Wasseramsel, Cinclus.    ...   128) Cinclus hydrophilus, die gemeine Wasseramsel, schwarz mit weißer Brust.  Linn. p. 803. nr. 5.  Faun. suec. nr. 214. Sturnus Cinclus.  Bechsteins Nat. Gesch. Deutschl. IV. S. 167.  Der Wasserstaar.  Göze Fauna V. I. S. 67. Wasserstaar.  Scopoli Ann. I. nr. 223. Motacilla Cinclus.  Lathams Uebers. III. S. 45. nr. 50. Wasseramsel (unter den Drosseln).   ...   Aber nirgends steht er am rechten Art, und nur in einer eigenen Gattung, wozu der Bau seines Körpers und Schnabels hinlängliche Kennzeichen darbieten, kann er eine angemessene Stelle finden." (Borkhausen 1797); "Wassenschwätzer. Cinclus   ...   Der Gestalt nach unter die Singvögel gehörig, der Nahrung und Lebensart nach aber sich den Sumpfvögeln und zwar den Strandläufen nähernd. Nähren sich von Wasserinsekten und nisten in Uferlöchern   ...   Sturnus Cinclus. Linn." (Bechstein 1802); "Cinclus Borkhausen, 1797, Deutsche Fauna, 1, p. 300.  Type, by monotypy, Cinclus hydrophilus Borkhausen = Sturnus cinclus Linnaeus." (Greenway in Peters, 1960, IX, p. 374).
Var. Cinches.
Synon. Accentor, Aquatilis, Hydrichla, Hydrobata.
• (Scolopacidae; syn. Arenaria † Ruddy Turnstone A. interpres) Gr. κιγκλος kinklos  unidentified waterside bird; "CINCLUS, Mœhr. (1752).  Strepsilas, Ill. (1811).  Arenaria, Briss. (1760).  Morinella, Meyer (1810).  Tringa, L.    C. morinellus, (L.) G. R. Gray. Pl. enl. 856.  S. interpres, Ill.  S. collaris, Temm." (G. Gray 1841); "Cinclus "Moehring" (not of Borkhausen, 1797, nor of Bechstein, 1802) Gray, List Gen. Subgen. Bds., 2nd ed., p. 85, 1841—type, by orig. desig., Tringa morinella Linnaeus [= Tringa interpres Linnaeus]." (Hellmayr and Conover, 1948, Cat. Birds Americas, Pt. I (3), p. 134); Gray has opened Pandora's box here; Moehring's "Cinclus", in so far as it is identifiable at all, is most probably the Dunlin, and certainly not the Turnstone.
• (Scolopacidae; syn. Calidris † Dunlin C. alpina) "HALVE SNEP, LOOPERTJE, in 't Lat. Cinclus.* [RAY. Syn. Av. p. 110]" (Moehring 1758); "L'ALOUETTE-DE-MER.  ... CINCLUS" (Brisson 1760): ex "Cinclus" of Gessner 1555, "Schoeniclus" of Aldrovandus 1599-1603, "Junco" of Charleton 1668, "Ox-eye" of Ray 1713, and other references. The "Ox-eye" of Ray is certainly the Dunlin.  Although historically Tringa Cinclus has been used for a variety of waders, Cinclus Bechstein, 1804: "Steinpicker  ...  Tringa Cinclus, alpina, islandica u.a.", also represents the Dunlin (OD per Björn Bergenholtz).
• (syn. ?) Rafinesque's first use of this name; perhaps a lapsus for Coloeus; "Sous-famille. CORACINIA. Coraces. Bec comprimé.  G. 1. Coracias L.   2. Becardia R.   3. Gonotrimphus R.   4. Paradisea L.    5. Nemoderus R. L.   6. Caryocactes R.   7. Cinclus R.   8. Corvus L.   9. Kinkus R.   10. Corbivus R." (Rafinesque 1815).
• (syn. ?) Rafinesque's second use of this name; "2. Sous-famille. STURNIDIA. Les Sturniens. Bec allongé, non comprimé.   20. Glaucopis L.   21. Buphaga L.   22. Oriolus L.   23. Sturnus L. Quiscalis R.   24. Calleas R.   25. Icterus Daud.   26. Cacicus Daud.   27. Xanthornus R.   28. Cinclus R." (Rafinesque 1815).

cinclus
Gr. κιγκλος kinklos  small tail-wagging waterside bird mentioned by Aristotle, Aristophanes, Aelianus and other authors, perhaps a wagtail or a sandpiper, but never properly identified. Variously treated by later authors as a wagtail, sandpiper, dipper, thrush or ouzel. In ornithology cinclus is associated with a great variety of unrelated thrush-like birds (e.g., the water ouzel or dipper), but rarely with the true thrushes.
● (syn. Actitis hypoleucos).
● (syn. Arenaria interpres).
● ex “Cinclus” of Gessner 1555, Aldrovandus 1599-1603, and Ray 1713, and “Tringa Cinclus” of Brisson 1760 (syn. Calidris alpina).
● "94. STURNUS.  ...  Cinclus.  4. S. niger, pectore albo.  Motacilla pectore albo, corpore nigro. Fn. svec. 216.  Merula aquatica. Gesn. av. 609. Aldr. orn. l. 20. c. 54. Will. orn. 104. t. 24. Raj. av. 66. n. 7. Alb. av. 2. p. 36. t. 39.  Habitat in Europa ad aquas: Hyeme ad cataractas, fontesque non congelandos, ubi descendit per voragines voratura Oniscos aquaticos Insectaque alia: emergitque non palmipes, hyeme solitaria, æstate plerumque gemina versatur. Mere insectivora nec granivora, naribus laminula fere clausis distincta a Motacillis." (Linnaeus 1758) (Cinclus).

SUBSPECIES

White-throated Dipper (hibernicus)
Latin Name: Cinclus cinclus hibernicus
hibernica / hibernicus
L. Hibernia or Iverna Hibernia, Ireland.

White-throated Dipper (gularis)
Latin Name: Cinclus cinclus gularis
gulare / gularis
Mod. L. gularis  of the throat, -throated, gular  < L. gula  throat.
● ex “Coucou Vulgaire d’Afrique” of Levaillant 1806, pl. 200 (Cuculus).
● ex “Gobe-mouche à gorge blanche” of Quoy & Gaimard 1830 (syn. Eopsaltria griseogularis).
● ex “Petit Rolle Violet à Gorge Bleue” of Levaillant 1806 (Eurystomus).
● ex “Cardinal d’Amérique” of Brisson 1760 (Paroaria).
● ex “Colombi-Caille” of Levaillant 1810, pl. 283, and Columba hottentotta Temminck, 1813 (artefact).

White-throated Dipper (cinclus)
Latin Name: Cinclus cinclus cinclus
CINCLUS
(Cinclidae; † White-throated Dipper C. cinclus) Specific name Sturnus cinclus Linnaeus, 1758; the dippers are a small, distinctive group of passerines adapted to swimming and hunting under water; "XXIII. Gattung, Wasseramsel, Cinclus.    ...   128) Cinclus hydrophilus, die gemeine Wasseramsel, schwarz mit weißer Brust.  Linn. p. 803. nr. 5.  Faun. suec. nr. 214. Sturnus Cinclus.  Bechsteins Nat. Gesch. Deutschl. IV. S. 167.  Der Wasserstaar.  Göze Fauna V. I. S. 67. Wasserstaar.  Scopoli Ann. I. nr. 223. Motacilla Cinclus.  Lathams Uebers. III. S. 45. nr. 50. Wasseramsel (unter den Drosseln).   ...   Aber nirgends steht er am rechten Art, und nur in einer eigenen Gattung, wozu der Bau seines Körpers und Schnabels hinlängliche Kennzeichen darbieten, kann er eine angemessene Stelle finden." (Borkhausen 1797); "Wassenschwätzer. Cinclus   ...   Der Gestalt nach unter die Singvögel gehörig, der Nahrung und Lebensart nach aber sich den Sumpfvögeln und zwar den Strandläufen nähernd. Nähren sich von Wasserinsekten und nisten in Uferlöchern   ...   Sturnus Cinclus. Linn." (Bechstein 1802); "Cinclus Borkhausen, 1797, Deutsche Fauna, 1, p. 300.  Type, by monotypy, Cinclus hydrophilus Borkhausen = Sturnus cinclus Linnaeus." (Greenway in Peters, 1960, IX, p. 374).
Var. Cinches.
Synon. Accentor, Aquatilis, Hydrichla, Hydrobata.
• (Scolopacidae; syn. Arenaria † Ruddy Turnstone A. interpres) Gr. κιγκλος kinklos  unidentified waterside bird; "CINCLUS, Mœhr. (1752).  Strepsilas, Ill. (1811).  Arenaria, Briss. (1760).  Morinella, Meyer (1810).  Tringa, L.    C. morinellus, (L.) G. R. Gray. Pl. enl. 856.  S. interpres, Ill.  S. collaris, Temm." (G. Gray 1841); "Cinclus "Moehring" (not of Borkhausen, 1797, nor of Bechstein, 1802) Gray, List Gen. Subgen. Bds., 2nd ed., p. 85, 1841—type, by orig. desig., Tringa morinella Linnaeus [= Tringa interpres Linnaeus]." (Hellmayr and Conover, 1948, Cat. Birds Americas, Pt. I (3), p. 134); Gray has opened Pandora's box here; Moehring's "Cinclus", in so far as it is identifiable at all, is most probably the Dunlin, and certainly not the Turnstone.
• (Scolopacidae; syn. Calidris † Dunlin C. alpina) "HALVE SNEP, LOOPERTJE, in 't Lat. Cinclus.* [RAY. Syn. Av. p. 110]" (Moehring 1758); "L'ALOUETTE-DE-MER.  ... CINCLUS" (Brisson 1760): ex "Cinclus" of Gessner 1555, "Schoeniclus" of Aldrovandus 1599-1603, "Junco" of Charleton 1668, "Ox-eye" of Ray 1713, and other references. The "Ox-eye" of Ray is certainly the Dunlin.  Although historically Tringa Cinclus has been used for a variety of waders, Cinclus Bechstein, 1804: "Steinpicker  ...  Tringa Cinclus, alpina, islandica u.a.", also represents the Dunlin (OD per Björn Bergenholtz).
• (syn. ?) Rafinesque's first use of this name; perhaps a lapsus for Coloeus; "Sous-famille. CORACINIA. Coraces. Bec comprimé.  G. 1. Coracias L.   2. Becardia R.   3. Gonotrimphus R.   4. Paradisea L.    5. Nemoderus R. L.   6. Caryocactes R.   7. Cinclus R.   8. Corvus L.   9. Kinkus R.   10. Corbivus R." (Rafinesque 1815).
• (syn. ?) Rafinesque's second use of this name; "2. Sous-famille. STURNIDIA. Les Sturniens. Bec allongé, non comprimé.   20. Glaucopis L.   21. Buphaga L.   22. Oriolus L.   23. Sturnus L. Quiscalis R.   24. Calleas R.   25. Icterus Daud.   26. Cacicus Daud.   27. Xanthornus R.   28. Cinclus R." (Rafinesque 1815).

White-throated Dipper (aquaticus)
Latin Name: Cinclus cinclus aquaticus
aquatica / aquaticus
L. aquaticus aquatic, water-living < aqua water (cf. Late L. aquaticus water-coloured).
● ex “Sylvia Schoenobaenus” of Scopoli 1769, and “Aquatic Warbler” of Latham 1783 (syn. Acrocephalus paludicola).
● "83. RALLUS.  ...  aquaticus.  2. R. alis griseis fusco-maculatis, hypochondriis albo-maculatis, rostro luteo.  Rallus aquaticus. Alb. av. I. p. 73. t. 77. Will. orn. 234. Aldr. orn. . . Raj. av. 113. n. 2.  Ortygometra alis fuscis. Syst. nat. 25.  Habitat in Europa." (Linnaeus 1758) (Rallus).

White-throated Dipper (minor)
Latin Name: Cinclus cinclus minor
minor
L. minor  smaller  < comp. parvus  small. “Comparative names ... Specific names expressive of comparative size are also to be avoided, as they may be rendered inaccurate by the after-discovery of additional species. The names ... maximus, minor, minimus, etc. are examples of this objectionable practice” (Strickland Code 1842).
● ex “Short-eared Owl” of Pennant 1761 (syn. Asio flammeus).
● ex “Little Thrush” of Catesby 1731-1743, Edwards 1758-1764, Latham 1783, and Pennant 1785, “Turdus iliacus carolinensis” of Brisson 1760, and “Grivette de l’Amérique” of de Buffon 1770-1783 (syn. Catharus fuscescens).
● ex “Whip-poor-will” of Catesby 1731 (Chordeiles).
● ex “Coucou des palétuviers de Cayenne” of d’Aubenton 1765-1781, pl. 813, “Petit Vieillard” of de Buffon 1770-1783, and “Mangrove Cuckow” of Latham 1782 (Coccyzus).
● "54. PICUS.  ...  minor.  12. P. albo nigroque varius vertice rubro, ano albido.  Picus albo nigroque varius, rectricibus tribus lateralibus seminigris. Fn. svec. 83. Hasselqv. iter. 242.  Picus varius tertius. Raj. av. 43.  Picus varius minor. Alb. av. I. p. 20. t. 20.  Habitat in Europa.” (Linnaeus 1758) (Dryobates).
● ex “Fregata minor” of Brisson 1760, “Petite Frégate” of de Buffon 1770-1783, “Man of War Bird” of Edwards 1760, and “Lesser Frigate Pelican” of Latham 1785 (Fregata).
● ex “Petit Indicateur” of Levaillant 1807, pl. 242 (Indicator).
● ex “Pie-grièsche d’Italie” of d’Aubenton 1765-1781, pl. 32, fig. 1 (Lanius).
● ex “Perruche à ailes noires” of de Buffon 1770-1783, “Petite perruche de l’isle de Luçon, 4ème ésp.” of Sonnerat 1776, and “Luzonian Parrakeet” of Latham 1781 (syn. Loriculus philippensis).
● ex “Apiaster Philippensis minor” of Brisson 1760 (syn. Merops viridis americanus).
● ex “Little Woodcock” of Pennant 1785, and Latham 1785 (Microptera).
● ex “Troupiale de la Caroline” of d’Aubenton 1765-1781, pl. 606, fig. 1, “Petit Troupiale noir” of de Buffon 1770-1783, and “Lesser black Oriole” of Latham 1782 (syn. Molothrus ater).
● ex “Lesser Bird of Paradise” of Latham 1783 (Paradisaea).
● ex “Barbican à ventre rose” of Levaillant 1806 (Pogonornis).
● ex “Porphyrio minor” of Brisson 1760 (syn. Porphyrula martinica).
● ex “Colymbus fluviatilis” of Brisson 1760 (syn. Tachybaptus ruficollis).
● ex “Huppe d’Afrique” of Audebert & Vieillot 1800-1802 (syn. Upupa africana).
● ex “Ringvia” of Brünnich 1764, and “Lesser Guillemot” of Pennant 1785 (syn. Uria aalge).

White-throated Dipper (olympicus)
Latin Name: Cinclus cinclus olympicus
olympicus
Mt. Olympus, Troodos Mts., Cyprus.

White-throated Dipper (caucasicus)
Latin Name: Cinclus cinclus caucasicus
caucasica / caucasicus
Mod. L. Caucasicus Caucasian < L. Caucasius Caucasian, of the Caucasus Mts. < Caucasus Caucasus Mts. < Gr. Καυκασος Kaukasos Caucasus Mts.

White-throated Dipper (rufiventris)
Latin Name: Cinclus cinclus rufiventris
rufiventer / rufiventra / rufiventre / rufiventris
Mod. L. rufiventris  red-bellied  < L. rufus  ruddy, rufous; venter, ventris  belly.
● ex “Pepoazá vientre roxizo” of de Azara 1802-1805, no. 205, and “Pepoaza à ventre rougeâtre” of Vieillot 1819 (Neoxolmis).
● ex “Grignet” of Levaillant 1803, pl. 126 (syn. Parisoma subcaeruleum).
● ex “Traquet à Cul Roux” of Levaillant 1806, pl. 188, fig. 2 (syn. Saxicoloides fulicatus).
● ex “Gobe-mouche de l’île de Bourbon” of d’Aubenton 1765-1781, pl. 572, fig. 3, and “Rufous-vented Fly-catcher” of Latham 1783 (syn. Setophaga ruticilla).
● ex “Velvet-headed Flycatcher” of Latham 1823 (Terpsiphone).

White-throated Dipper (persicus)
Latin Name: Cinclus cinclus persicus
persicus
L. Persicus  Persian  < Persia  Persia / Iran.
● Not a toponym, but an allusion to the gaudy plumage of the Yellow-rumped Cacique; ex “Jupujuba” of Marcgrave 1648, and “Cassique jaune” of Brisson 1760 (syn. Cacicus cela).
● Erroneous TL. Persia (= Perthshire, Scotland) (syn. Lagopus lagopus scotica).
● Southern (i.e. Persian) shores of the Caspian Sea (Merops).
● At sea between Guadar (= Qatar) and Muscat (i.e. in the Persian Gulf) (Puffinus).
● ex “Persian Woodpecker” of Willughby 1676, and Latham 1782, “Picus luteus cyanopus persicus” of Ray 1713, and “Picus luteus persicus” of Brisson 1760 (unident.).
● ex “Persian Thrush” of Latham 1787 (unident.).

White-throated Dipper (uralensis)
Latin Name: Cinclus cinclus uralensis
uralense / uralensis
Ural Mts. (traditionally the boundary between Europe and Asia).

White-throated Dipper (leucogaster)
Latin Name: Cinclus cinclus leucogaster
leucogaster / leucogastra / leucogastris
Gr. λευκος leukos  white; γαστηρ gastēr, γαστρος gastros  belly.
● ex “Guainumbi sp. 1” of Marcgrave 1648, “Mellisuga cayanensis ventre albo” of Brisson 1760, “Oiseau-mouche à cravate dorée de Cayenne” of d’Aubenton 1765-1781, pl. 672, fig. 3, “Cravate-dorée” of de Buffon 1770-1783, and “Gold-throated Humming-bird” of Latham 1782 (Agyrtria).
● (Boddaert 1783) ex “Merle violet à ventre blanc de Juida” of d’Aubenton 1765-1781, pl. 648, fig. 1, and de Buffon 1770-1785 (Cinnyricinclus).
● (J. Gmelin 1789) ex “Merle violet à ventre blanc de Juida” of d’Aubenton 1765-1781, pl. 648, fig. 1, and “Whidah Thrush” of Latham 1783 (syn. Cinnyricinclus leucogaster).
● ex “Drongri à Ventre Blanc” of Levaillant 1805, pl. 171 (syn. Dicrurus leucophaeus).
● ex "Héron bleuâtre à ventre blanc de Cayenne" of d'Aubenton 1765-1781, pl. 350, and "Demi-Aigrette" of de Buffon 1770-1786 (syn. Egretta tricolor).
● ex "Jacamar à Ventre Blanc" of Levaillant 1807 (Galbula).
● ex “White-bellied Eagle” of Latham 1781 (Haliaeetus).
● ex “Malkoha” of Levaillant 1807, pl. 224 (syn. Phaenicophaeus pyrrhocephalus).
● ex “Geai à ventre jaune de Cayenne” of d’Aubenton 1765-1781, pl. 249 (syn. Pitangus sulphuratus).
● ex “Fou de Cayenne” of d’Aubenton 1765-1781, pl. 973 (Sula).

White-throated Dipper (cashmeriensis)
Latin Name: Cinclus cinclus cashmeriensis
cashmeriense / cashmeriensis / cashmirensis / cashmiriensis
Kashmir or Cashmere (< Sanskrit Kasmira), the northern-most portion of the Indian subcontinent, which has changed rulers over the centuries and is still in dispute (now between India, Pakistan and China).

White-throated Dipper (przewalskii)
Latin Name: Cinclus cinclus przewalskii
przewalskii
Gen. Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky (1839-1888) Russian Army, explorer, naturalist in Central Asia (subsp. Cinclus cinclus, subsp. Eremophila longirostris, Grallaria, syn. Lanius excubitor homeyeri, syn. Loxia curvirostra tianschanica, subsp. Saxicola torquatus, Sinosuthora, Sitta, subsp. Tetraogallus tibetanus).