Turnagra Capensis Bird
Turnagra Capensis Bird
English Name:
Latin Name:
Protonym: Tanagra capensis Mus.Carls. fasc.2 no.xlv pl.45
Taxonomy: Passeriformes / Oriolidae / Turnagra
Taxonomy Code: soipio1
Type Locality: Dusky Sound, South Island.
Author: Sparrman
Publish Year: 1787
IUCN Status: Extinct
DEFINITIONS
TURNAGRA
‡ (Oriolidae; Ϯ South Island Piopio T. capensis) Portmanteau of genera Turdus Linnaeus, 1785, thrush, and Tanagra, Linnaeus, 1766, tanager. The piopios are now considered primitive orioles allied to Sphecotheres, although there is a recent suggestion that they were aberrant bowerbirds Ptilonorhynchidae. Anders Sparrman, the Swedish botanist and author, was based at Cape Town and accompanied the Forsters on Cook’s Resolution voyage around the world 1772–1775. However, with the passage of time, he became confused over the correct provenance of many of the specimens obtained on the voyage, including the piopio. “VII. Les kokos (turnagra N.) tiennent des grands tangaras, des durs-becs et des grives, qu’ils représentent à la Nouvelle-Zélande. L'espèce unique de cette tribu a été décrite par MM. Quoy et Gaimard, sous le nom de tangara grive 1, en ces termes: "C'est des tangaras que nous rapprochons cet oiseau nouveau, bien qu'il ait des caractères qui l'en éloignent, comme par exemple d'avoir une dentelure bien plus prononcée à la mandibule supérieure. Il est de la grosseur des grives, c'est-à-dire qu'il a 8 pouces et demi de longueur, la queue entrant dans ces dimensions pour 4 pouces et demi. Son bec est court, conique, arrondi en dessus, légèrement recourbé, muni d'une petite arête à la pointe, et de quelques soies rares et vertes à la base, les narines sont ovalaires, obliques, assez grandes, ouvertes, et cachées en partie par les plumes du front. Les ailes sont médiocres, et dépassent à pein le croupion. La queue est longue, formée de 12 rectrices presque rectilignes. Les tarses sont médiocres, à ongle du pouce prononcé. ... Cet oiseau habite les alentours de la baie Tasman et de celle des Courants, à l'île méridionale de la Nouvelle-Zélande. Les indigènes l'appellent koropio et koko-éou. Il se tient sur les montagnes dans les touffes de mimeuses, et son vol a peu d'étendue." ... 1 Tanagra macularia, Ast., pl. 7, fig. 1, t. I, p. 186.” (Lesson 1837); "Turnagra Lesson, 1837, Compl. Buffon, 8, p. 216. Type, by monotypy, Tanagra macularia Quoy and Gaimard = Tanagra capensis Sparrman." (Mayr in Peters 1967, XII, 52).
Synon. Keropia, Otagon.
capense / capensis
Cape of Good Hope, South Africa (originally named Cabo das Tormentas Cape of Storms, by the Portuguese explorer Bartolomeu Dias in 1488, it was renamed Cabo de Boa Esperança by João II King of Portugal in 1490 to reflect the optimism engendered by his country's explorations).
● ex “Cape Wigeon” of Latham 1785 (Anas).
● ex “Petite Mésange du Cap de Bonne Espérance” of Sonnerat 1782, “Petit Deuil” of de Buffon 1770-1783, and “Cape-Titmouse” of Latham 1783 (syn. Anthoscopus minutus).
● "113. MUSCICAPA. ... capensis. 16. M. fuscus, subtus alba, pectore nigro, fascia alarum rufa, rectricibus apice albis. Briss. av. 2. p. 372. t. 36. f. 3. Habitat ad Cap. b. spei. Latera abdominis rufa. Tectrices alarum majores apice rufæ. Rectrices nigræ, apice albæ: extima latere exteriore alba." (Linnaeus 1766) (Batis).
● ex “Grand Duc” of Levaillant 1799, pl. 40 (unident.;?syn. Bubo capensis).
● Erroneous TL. Cape of Good Hope (= Cayenne); "56. BUCCO. ... capensis. 1. B. rufus, fascia humerali fulva, pectorali nigra. Bucco. Briss. av. 4. p. 92. t. 6. f. 2. Habitat ad Cap. b. spei. Cauda rotundata rectricibus 10." (Linnaeus 1766) (Bucco).
● ex “Sirli du Cap de Bonne Espérance” of de Buffon 1770-1783 (syn. Certhilauda curvirostris).
● ex “Corneille du Cap” of Levaillant 1800, pl. 52 (Corvus).
● ex “Coucou du Cap de Bonne Espérance” of d’Aubenton 1765-1781, pl. 390, and “Cape Cuckow” of Latham 1782 (syn. Cuculus solitarius).
● "65. CERTHIA. ... capensis. 4. C. grisea, rectricibus nigricantibus: extima exterius albo fimbriata. Briss. av. 3. p. 618. t. 31. f. 1. Habitat ad Cap. b. spei." (Linnaeus 1766) (unident.; ?syn. Cyanomitra olivacea).
● Seas off the Cape of Good Hope (“Said by sailors to be a sure presage of a near approach to that promontory” (Latham 1785)); "64. PROCELLARIA. ... capensis. 3. P. albo fuscoque varia. Amœn. acad. 4. p. . . Osb. it. 76 Anas alia indica. Gesn. av. 803. t. 804. f. 2. Peteril media maculata. Edw. av. 90. t. 90. f. 2. Habitat ad Cap. b. Spei." (Linnaeus 1758) (Daption).
● ex “Pic à tête grise du Cap de Bonne Espérance” of d’Aubenton 1765-1781, pl. 786, fig. 2, and “Cape Woodpecker” of Latham 1782 (syn. Dendropicos griseocephalus).
● "110. EMBERIZA. ... capensis. 9. E. grisea, gula albida, fascia oculari maxillarumque nigricante. Hortulanus capitis b. spei. Briss. av. 3. p. 230. t. 14. f. 4. Habitat ad Cap. b. spei." (Linnaeus 1766) (Emberiza).
● "109. LOXIA. ... capensis. 39. L. atra, uropygio tectricibusque alarum luteis. Fringilla capitis b. spei. Briss. av. 3. p. 171. t. 16. f. 1. Habitat ad Caput b. spei." (Linnaeus 1766) (Euplectes).
● ex “Montagnard” of Levaillant 1798, pl. 35 (syn. Falco rupicolus).
● Erroneous TL. Cape of Good Hope (= Cayenne); ex “Petite perruche au Cap de Bonne Espérance” of d’Aubenton 1765-17781, pl. 455, fig. 1, “Perruche aux ailes bleues” of de Buffon 1770-1783, and “Blue-winged Parrakeet” of Latham 1781 (syn. Forpus passerinus).
● Erroneous TL. Madagascar, Réunion and Cape of Good Hope (= Réunion); ex “Huppe du cap de bonne Espérance” of d’Aubenton 1765-1781, pl. 697, “Huppe noire et blanche du cap de bonne espérance” of de Buffon 1770-1783, and “Madagascar Hoopoe” of Latham 1782 (‡syn. Fregilupus varius).
● Erroneous TL. Cape of Good Hope (= India); "106. STURNUS. ... capensis. 2. S. nigricans, capitis lateribus subtusque albus. Sturnus capitis b. spei. Briss. av. 2. p. 446. t. 41. f. 3. Habitat ad Cap. b. spei. An varietas S. contræ? Macula alarum & uropygium alba. Rostrum basi flavescens, apice rufescens. Pedes lutei." (Linnaeus 1766) (syn. Gracupica contra).
● Erroneous TL. Cape of Good Hope (= Cayenne); ex “Carouge du Cap de Bonne Espérance” (= ♀) of Brisson 1760, and “Carouge de Cayenne” of d’Aubenton 1765-1781, pl. 343 (syn. Icterus spurius).
● "105. ALAUDA. ... capensis. 8. A. rectricibus tribus lateralibus apice albis, gula lutea nigro marginata, superciliis flavis. Alauda capitis b. spei. Briss. av. 3. p. 364. t. 19. f. 3. Habitat ad Cap. b. spei." (Linnaeus 1766) (Macronyx).
● "114. MOTACILLA. ... capensis. 24. M. fusca, subtus albida, fascia pectorali fusca, superciliis albis, rectricibus lateralibus oblique albis. Motacilla capitis b. spei. Briss. av. 3. p. 476. t. 25. f. 3. Habitat ad Cap. b. spei." (Linnaeus 1766) (Motacilla).
● "104. COLUMBA. ... capensis. 39. C. macroura, cauda cuneata, remigibus primoribus latere interiore rufis. Turtur capitis b. spei. Briss. av. 1. p. 120. t. 9. f. 2. Habitat ad Cap. b. spei. Corpus griseo-fuscum. Alæ macula chalybis splendentis. Maris jugulum atrum. Rostrum & Pedes rubra." (Linnaeus 1766) (Oena).
● ex “Traquet Montagnard” of Levaillant 1806, pl. 184, fig. 2 (syn. Oenanthe monticola).
● ex “Loriot Coudougnan” of Levaillant 1808, pll. 261, 262 (syn. Oriolus larvatus).
● Erroneous TL. Cape of Good Hope (= Java); ex “Martin-pescheur du Cap de Bonne Espérance” of Brisson 1760 (Pelargopsis).
● ex “Jaboteur” of Levaillant 1801 (syn. Phyllastrephus terrestris).
● "52. ORIOLUS. ... capensis. 18. O. fusco-olivaceus, subtus luteus. Xanthornus capitis b. spei. Briss. av. 2. p. 128. Habitat ad Cap. b. spei." (Linnaeus 1766) (Ploceus).
● Cape York Peninsula, Queensland, Australia (syn. Podargus strigoides phalaenoides, syn. Sericornis magnirostris dubius).
● ex “Cape Partridge” of Latham 1783 (Pternistis).
● "107. TURDUS. ... capensis. 17. T. nigricans, abdomine subflavescente, crisso luteo. Merula fusca cap. b. spei. Briss. av. 2. p. 259. t. 27. f. 3. Habitat ad Cap. b. spei." (Linnaeus 1766) (Pycnonotus).
● "86. SCOPOLAX [sic]. ... capensis. 14. S. rostro recto lineaque verticis rufescentibus, fascia pectorali nigra, linea utrinque dorsali alba. Gallinago capitis b. spei. Briss. app. 141. t. 6. Habitat ad Cap. b. spei. Dorsum cinereum, nigro undulatum. Lineola albido-rufescens a rostro ad occiput. Orbitæ albæ postice in fasciam productæ. Collum antice rufum. Pectus fascia nigra, a qua fascia alba utrinque per dorsum ducta ad uropygium. Abdomen album. Pedes nigri." (Linnaeus 1766) (syn. Rostratula benghalensis).
● ex “Gobe-mouche à collier du Cap de Bonne Espérance” of d’Aubenton 1765-1781, pl. 572, fig. 2 (syn. Saxicola torquata).
● Erroneous TL. Cape of Good Hope (= South Island, New Zealand) (‡Turnagra).
● Erroneous TL. Cape of Good Hope (= Cayenne); ex “Bruant du Cap de Bonne-Espérance” of d’Aubenton 1765-1781, pl. 386, fig. 2 (Zonotrichia).
● ex “Orange-bellied Manakin” of Latham 1783 (unident.).
SUBSPECIES
South Island Piopio (minor)
Latin Name: Turnagra capensis minor
minor
L. minor smaller < comp. parvus small. “Comparative names ... Specific names expressive of comparative size are also to be avoided, as they may be rendered inaccurate by the after-discovery of additional species. The names ... maximus, minor, minimus, etc. are examples of this objectionable practice” (Strickland Code 1842).
● ex “Short-eared Owl” of Pennant 1761 (syn. Asio flammeus).
● ex “Little Thrush” of Catesby 1731-1743, Edwards 1758-1764, Latham 1783, and Pennant 1785, “Turdus iliacus carolinensis” of Brisson 1760, and “Grivette de l’Amérique” of de Buffon 1770-1783 (syn. Catharus fuscescens).
● ex “Whip-poor-will” of Catesby 1731 (Chordeiles).
● ex “Coucou des palétuviers de Cayenne” of d’Aubenton 1765-1781, pl. 813, “Petit Vieillard” of de Buffon 1770-1783, and “Mangrove Cuckow” of Latham 1782 (Coccyzus).
● "54. PICUS. ... minor. 12. P. albo nigroque varius vertice rubro, ano albido. Picus albo nigroque varius, rectricibus tribus lateralibus seminigris. Fn. svec. 83. Hasselqv. iter. 242. Picus varius tertius. Raj. av. 43. Picus varius minor. Alb. av. I. p. 20. t. 20. Habitat in Europa.” (Linnaeus 1758) (Dryobates).
● ex “Fregata minor” of Brisson 1760, “Petite Frégate” of de Buffon 1770-1783, “Man of War Bird” of Edwards 1760, and “Lesser Frigate Pelican” of Latham 1785 (Fregata).
● ex “Petit Indicateur” of Levaillant 1807, pl. 242 (Indicator).
● ex “Pie-grièsche d’Italie” of d’Aubenton 1765-1781, pl. 32, fig. 1 (Lanius).
● ex “Perruche à ailes noires” of de Buffon 1770-1783, “Petite perruche de l’isle de Luçon, 4ème ésp.” of Sonnerat 1776, and “Luzonian Parrakeet” of Latham 1781 (syn. Loriculus philippensis).
● ex “Apiaster Philippensis minor” of Brisson 1760 (syn. Merops viridis americanus).
● ex “Little Woodcock” of Pennant 1785, and Latham 1785 (Microptera).
● ex “Troupiale de la Caroline” of d’Aubenton 1765-1781, pl. 606, fig. 1, “Petit Troupiale noir” of de Buffon 1770-1783, and “Lesser black Oriole” of Latham 1782 (syn. Molothrus ater).
● ex “Lesser Bird of Paradise” of Latham 1783 (Paradisaea).
● ex “Barbican à ventre rose” of Levaillant 1806 (Pogonornis).
● ex “Porphyrio minor” of Brisson 1760 (syn. Porphyrula martinica).
● ex “Colymbus fluviatilis” of Brisson 1760 (syn. Tachybaptus ruficollis).
● ex “Huppe d’Afrique” of Audebert & Vieillot 1800-1802 (syn. Upupa africana).
● ex “Ringvia” of Brünnich 1764, and “Lesser Guillemot” of Pennant 1785 (syn. Uria aalge).
South Island Piopio (capensis)
Latin Name: Turnagra capensis capensis
capense / capensis
Cape of Good Hope, South Africa (originally named Cabo das Tormentas Cape of Storms, by the Portuguese explorer Bartolomeu Dias in 1488, it was renamed Cabo de Boa Esperança by João II King of Portugal in 1490 to reflect the optimism engendered by his country's explorations).
● ex “Cape Wigeon” of Latham 1785 (Anas).
● ex “Petite Mésange du Cap de Bonne Espérance” of Sonnerat 1782, “Petit Deuil” of de Buffon 1770-1783, and “Cape-Titmouse” of Latham 1783 (syn. Anthoscopus minutus).
● "113. MUSCICAPA. ... capensis. 16. M. fuscus, subtus alba, pectore nigro, fascia alarum rufa, rectricibus apice albis. Briss. av. 2. p. 372. t. 36. f. 3. Habitat ad Cap. b. spei. Latera abdominis rufa. Tectrices alarum majores apice rufæ. Rectrices nigræ, apice albæ: extima latere exteriore alba." (Linnaeus 1766) (Batis).
● ex “Grand Duc” of Levaillant 1799, pl. 40 (unident.;?syn. Bubo capensis).
● Erroneous TL. Cape of Good Hope (= Cayenne); "56. BUCCO. ... capensis. 1. B. rufus, fascia humerali fulva, pectorali nigra. Bucco. Briss. av. 4. p. 92. t. 6. f. 2. Habitat ad Cap. b. spei. Cauda rotundata rectricibus 10." (Linnaeus 1766) (Bucco).
● ex “Sirli du Cap de Bonne Espérance” of de Buffon 1770-1783 (syn. Certhilauda curvirostris).
● ex “Corneille du Cap” of Levaillant 1800, pl. 52 (Corvus).
● ex “Coucou du Cap de Bonne Espérance” of d’Aubenton 1765-1781, pl. 390, and “Cape Cuckow” of Latham 1782 (syn. Cuculus solitarius).
● "65. CERTHIA. ... capensis. 4. C. grisea, rectricibus nigricantibus: extima exterius albo fimbriata. Briss. av. 3. p. 618. t. 31. f. 1. Habitat ad Cap. b. spei." (Linnaeus 1766) (unident.; ?syn. Cyanomitra olivacea).
● Seas off the Cape of Good Hope (“Said by sailors to be a sure presage of a near approach to that promontory” (Latham 1785)); "64. PROCELLARIA. ... capensis. 3. P. albo fuscoque varia. Amœn. acad. 4. p. . . Osb. it. 76 Anas alia indica. Gesn. av. 803. t. 804. f. 2. Peteril media maculata. Edw. av. 90. t. 90. f. 2. Habitat ad Cap. b. Spei." (Linnaeus 1758) (Daption).
● ex “Pic à tête grise du Cap de Bonne Espérance” of d’Aubenton 1765-1781, pl. 786, fig. 2, and “Cape Woodpecker” of Latham 1782 (syn. Dendropicos griseocephalus).
● "110. EMBERIZA. ... capensis. 9. E. grisea, gula albida, fascia oculari maxillarumque nigricante. Hortulanus capitis b. spei. Briss. av. 3. p. 230. t. 14. f. 4. Habitat ad Cap. b. spei." (Linnaeus 1766) (Emberiza).
● "109. LOXIA. ... capensis. 39. L. atra, uropygio tectricibusque alarum luteis. Fringilla capitis b. spei. Briss. av. 3. p. 171. t. 16. f. 1. Habitat ad Caput b. spei." (Linnaeus 1766) (Euplectes).
● ex “Montagnard” of Levaillant 1798, pl. 35 (syn. Falco rupicolus).
● Erroneous TL. Cape of Good Hope (= Cayenne); ex “Petite perruche au Cap de Bonne Espérance” of d’Aubenton 1765-17781, pl. 455, fig. 1, “Perruche aux ailes bleues” of de Buffon 1770-1783, and “Blue-winged Parrakeet” of Latham 1781 (syn. Forpus passerinus).
● Erroneous TL. Madagascar, Réunion and Cape of Good Hope (= Réunion); ex “Huppe du cap de bonne Espérance” of d’Aubenton 1765-1781, pl. 697, “Huppe noire et blanche du cap de bonne espérance” of de Buffon 1770-1783, and “Madagascar Hoopoe” of Latham 1782 (‡syn. Fregilupus varius).
● Erroneous TL. Cape of Good Hope (= India); "106. STURNUS. ... capensis. 2. S. nigricans, capitis lateribus subtusque albus. Sturnus capitis b. spei. Briss. av. 2. p. 446. t. 41. f. 3. Habitat ad Cap. b. spei. An varietas S. contræ? Macula alarum & uropygium alba. Rostrum basi flavescens, apice rufescens. Pedes lutei." (Linnaeus 1766) (syn. Gracupica contra).
● Erroneous TL. Cape of Good Hope (= Cayenne); ex “Carouge du Cap de Bonne Espérance” (= ♀) of Brisson 1760, and “Carouge de Cayenne” of d’Aubenton 1765-1781, pl. 343 (syn. Icterus spurius).
● "105. ALAUDA. ... capensis. 8. A. rectricibus tribus lateralibus apice albis, gula lutea nigro marginata, superciliis flavis. Alauda capitis b. spei. Briss. av. 3. p. 364. t. 19. f. 3. Habitat ad Cap. b. spei." (Linnaeus 1766) (Macronyx).
● "114. MOTACILLA. ... capensis. 24. M. fusca, subtus albida, fascia pectorali fusca, superciliis albis, rectricibus lateralibus oblique albis. Motacilla capitis b. spei. Briss. av. 3. p. 476. t. 25. f. 3. Habitat ad Cap. b. spei." (Linnaeus 1766) (Motacilla).
● "104. COLUMBA. ... capensis. 39. C. macroura, cauda cuneata, remigibus primoribus latere interiore rufis. Turtur capitis b. spei. Briss. av. 1. p. 120. t. 9. f. 2. Habitat ad Cap. b. spei. Corpus griseo-fuscum. Alæ macula chalybis splendentis. Maris jugulum atrum. Rostrum & Pedes rubra." (Linnaeus 1766) (Oena).
● ex “Traquet Montagnard” of Levaillant 1806, pl. 184, fig. 2 (syn. Oenanthe monticola).
● ex “Loriot Coudougnan” of Levaillant 1808, pll. 261, 262 (syn. Oriolus larvatus).
● Erroneous TL. Cape of Good Hope (= Java); ex “Martin-pescheur du Cap de Bonne Espérance” of Brisson 1760 (Pelargopsis).
● ex “Jaboteur” of Levaillant 1801 (syn. Phyllastrephus terrestris).
● "52. ORIOLUS. ... capensis. 18. O. fusco-olivaceus, subtus luteus. Xanthornus capitis b. spei. Briss. av. 2. p. 128. Habitat ad Cap. b. spei." (Linnaeus 1766) (Ploceus).
● Cape York Peninsula, Queensland, Australia (syn. Podargus strigoides phalaenoides, syn. Sericornis magnirostris dubius).
● ex “Cape Partridge” of Latham 1783 (Pternistis).
● "107. TURDUS. ... capensis. 17. T. nigricans, abdomine subflavescente, crisso luteo. Merula fusca cap. b. spei. Briss. av. 2. p. 259. t. 27. f. 3. Habitat ad Cap. b. spei." (Linnaeus 1766) (Pycnonotus).
● "86. SCOPOLAX [sic]. ... capensis. 14. S. rostro recto lineaque verticis rufescentibus, fascia pectorali nigra, linea utrinque dorsali alba. Gallinago capitis b. spei. Briss. app. 141. t. 6. Habitat ad Cap. b. spei. Dorsum cinereum, nigro undulatum. Lineola albido-rufescens a rostro ad occiput. Orbitæ albæ postice in fasciam productæ. Collum antice rufum. Pectus fascia nigra, a qua fascia alba utrinque per dorsum ducta ad uropygium. Abdomen album. Pedes nigri." (Linnaeus 1766) (syn. Rostratula benghalensis).
● ex “Gobe-mouche à collier du Cap de Bonne Espérance” of d’Aubenton 1765-1781, pl. 572, fig. 2 (syn. Saxicola torquata).
● Erroneous TL. Cape of Good Hope (= South Island, New Zealand) (‡Turnagra).
● Erroneous TL. Cape of Good Hope (= Cayenne); ex “Bruant du Cap de Bonne-Espérance” of d’Aubenton 1765-1781, pl. 386, fig. 2 (Zonotrichia).
● ex “Orange-bellied Manakin” of Latham 1783 (unident.).
UPPERCASE: current genus
Uppercase first letter: generic synonym
● and ● See: generic homonyms
lowercase: species and subspecies
●: early names, variants, mispellings
‡: extinct
†: type species
Gr.: ancient Greek
L.: Latin
<: derived from
syn: synonym of
/: separates historical and modern geographic names
ex: based on
TL: type locality
OD: original diagnosis (genus) or original description (species)