Cyanistes Caeruleus Bird

English Name:  Eurasian Blue Tit
Latin Name:  Cyanistes caeruleus
Protonym:  Parus caeruleus Syst.Nat.ed.10 p.190
Taxonomy:  Passeriformes / Paridae / Cyanistes
Taxonomy Code:  blutit
Type Locality:  Sweden.
Author:  Linnaeus
Publish Year:  1758
IUCN Status:  Least Concern

DEFINITIONS

CYANISTES
(Paridae; † Azure Tit C. cyanus) Gr. κυανιζω kuanizō  to be dark-blue in colour; "Blaumeise. Cyanistes*) (Parus cyaneus et coeruleus.)  E[ntwickelung]. Wie bei Parus, Acredula, Lophophanes.   Ch[arakter]. Meisen mit kurzem Schwanz und zum Theil himmelblau gefärbtem Gefieder.   L[ebensart]. Hierin ähneln sie den übrigen; sie sind Standvögel, nisten in Baumlöcher und legen viele Eier.  ...  *) κυναιζω [sic], blaulich aussehen" (Kaup 1829); "CYANISTES Kaup, 1829  M — Parus caeruleus Linnaeus, 1758; type by subsequent designation (G. R. Gray, 1842, Appendix to a list of the Genera of Birds, p. 8)." (Dickinson and Christidis (eds.), H. & M. Complete Checklist, 4th ed., 2014, 2 (Passerines), p. 430).
Var. Cyanetes, Cyanites, Cyanistus.

caeruleus
L. caeruleus  azure-blue, cerulean (see also caerulea).
● ex “Blue Maccaw” of Albin 1731-1738, and Latham 1781, “Psittacus maximus caeruleus varius, cauda producta” of Brown 1756, and “Ara jamaicensis cyaneo-crocea” of Brisson 1760 (syn. Ara ararauna).
● ex “Oiseau-Mouche à goisier bleu” of Audebert & Vieillot 1801 (syn. Chlorestes notatus).
● "59. CERTHIA.  ...  cærulea.  3. C. cærulea, remigibus rectricibusque nigris.  Certhia cærulea. Edw. av. 21. t. 21.  Habitat Surinami.  Rostrum huic longius quam in congeneribus." (Linnaeus 1758) (Cyanerpes).
● "100. PARUS.  ...  cæruleus.  4. P. remigibus caerulescentibus: primoribus margine exteriore albis, fronte alba, vertice cæruleo. Fn. svec. 240.  Parus cæruleus. Bell. av. 96. a. Gesn. av. 641. Aldr. orn. l. 17. c. 17. Will. orn. 175. Frisch. av. 3. t. 14. f. 1.  Habitat in Europa." (Linnaeus 1758) (Cyanistes).
● ex “Urraca celeste” of de Azara 1802-1805, no. 55 (Cyanocorax).
● ex “Todier de Juida” of d’Aubenton 1765-1781, pl. 783, “Todier bleu à ventre orangé” of de Buffon 1770-1783, and “Blue Tody” of Latham 1781 (syn. Ispidina picta).
● ex “Merula coerulea” of Brisson (syn. Monticola solitarius).
● ex “Merle bleu de la Chine” of Sonnerat 1782 (Myophonus).
● ex “Small blue Jay” of Ray 1713, “Xanthornus caeruleus” of Brisson 1760, and “Blue Oriole” of Latham 1782 (?syn. Urocissa erythrorhyncha).
● ex “Xochitenacatl” of Nieremberg 1635, “Tucana caerulea” of Brisson 1760, and “Blue Toucan” of Latham 1781 (unident.).

SUBSPECIES

Eurasian Blue Tit (obscurus)
Latin Name: Cyanistes caeruleus obscurus
obscurum / obscurus
L. obscurus  dark, dusky.
● ex “Hook-billed Green Creeper” of Latham 1782 (Akialoa).
● ex “Dusky-crowned Humming-bird” of Latham 1782 (syn. Clytolaema rubricauda).
● ex “Dusky Tody” of Latham 1782, and Pennant 1785 (syn. Contopus virens).
● ex “Pic verd de l’isle de Luçon” of Sonnerat 1776 (syn. Dendropicos griseocephalus).
● ex “Dusky Falcon” of Pennant 1787 (syn. Falco columbarius).
● ex “Dusky Grosbeak” (= ☼) of Pennant, 1784 (syn. Hedymeles ludovicianus).
● ex “Obscure Fly-catcher” of Latham 1823 (syn. Hemipus hirundinaceus).
● "44. PSITTACUS.  ...  obscurus.  3. P. macrourus niger, genis nudis, vertice cinereo-nigrescente vario, cauda cinerea. Hasselq. iter. 236.  Habitat in Africa?" (Linnaeus 1758) (unident.: ?‡syn. Mascarinus mascarin).
● ex “White-rumped Woodpecker” of Latham 1782 (syn. Melanerpes erythrocephalus).
● ex “Tolocatzenatl” of Ray 1713, “Sturnus novae Hispaniae” of Brisson 1760, “Tolcana” of de Buffon 1770-1783, and “Brown-headed Stare” of Latham 1783 (subsp. Molothrus ater).
● ex “Dusky Rail” of Latham 1785 (syn. Pennula sandwichensis).
● ex “Dusky Fly-catcher” of Latham 1783 (Phaeornis).
● ex “Black and White Dobchick” of Edwards 1747, “Colymbus minor” of Brisson 1760, “Petit Grèbe” of d’Aubenton 1765-1781, pl. 942, and “Dusky Grebe” of Pennant 1785, and of Latham 1785 (syn. Podiceps auritus cornutus).
● ex “Dusky Plover” of Latham 1781 (cf. Dusky Bay, New Zealand) (Pluviorhynchus).
● ex “Dusky Petrel” of Latham 1785 (syn. Puffinus assimilis).
● ex “Indian Raven” of Willughby 1676, and “Wreathed Hornbill” of Latham 1781 (syn. Rhyticeros plicatus).
● ex “Dark Thrush” of Latham 1783 (Turdus).
● "This specimen, like many from the Anthony collection, is badly soiled, a condition which may have led Anthony to name a dark race" (Browning 1979) (syn. Vireo huttoni).
● "44. PSITTACUS.   ...   obscurus.  3. P. macrourus niger, genis nudis, vertice cinereo-nigrescente vario, cauda cinerea. Hasselq. iter. 236.  Habitat in Africa ?" (Linnaeus 1758); "Linnæus identified his Psittacus obscurus with P. mascarinus, Briss.  ...  but the evidence is against this identification" (Salvadori 1891) (unident.; nom. dub.). 

Eurasian Blue Tit (caeruleus)
Latin Name: Cyanistes caeruleus caeruleus
caeruleus
L. caeruleus  azure-blue, cerulean (see also caerulea).
● ex “Blue Maccaw” of Albin 1731-1738, and Latham 1781, “Psittacus maximus caeruleus varius, cauda producta” of Brown 1756, and “Ara jamaicensis cyaneo-crocea” of Brisson 1760 (syn. Ara ararauna).
● ex “Oiseau-Mouche à goisier bleu” of Audebert & Vieillot 1801 (syn. Chlorestes notatus).
● "59. CERTHIA.  ...  cærulea.  3. C. cærulea, remigibus rectricibusque nigris.  Certhia cærulea. Edw. av. 21. t. 21.  Habitat Surinami.  Rostrum huic longius quam in congeneribus." (Linnaeus 1758) (Cyanerpes).
● "100. PARUS.  ...  cæruleus.  4. P. remigibus caerulescentibus: primoribus margine exteriore albis, fronte alba, vertice cæruleo. Fn. svec. 240.  Parus cæruleus. Bell. av. 96. a. Gesn. av. 641. Aldr. orn. l. 17. c. 17. Will. orn. 175. Frisch. av. 3. t. 14. f. 1.  Habitat in Europa." (Linnaeus 1758) (Cyanistes).
● ex “Urraca celeste” of de Azara 1802-1805, no. 55 (Cyanocorax).
● ex “Todier de Juida” of d’Aubenton 1765-1781, pl. 783, “Todier bleu à ventre orangé” of de Buffon 1770-1783, and “Blue Tody” of Latham 1781 (syn. Ispidina picta).
● ex “Merula coerulea” of Brisson (syn. Monticola solitarius).
● ex “Merle bleu de la Chine” of Sonnerat 1782 (Myophonus).
● ex “Small blue Jay” of Ray 1713, “Xanthornus caeruleus” of Brisson 1760, and “Blue Oriole” of Latham 1782 (?syn. Urocissa erythrorhyncha).
● ex “Xochitenacatl” of Nieremberg 1635, “Tucana caerulea” of Brisson 1760, and “Blue Toucan” of Latham 1781 (unident.).

Eurasian Blue Tit (ogliastrae)
Latin Name: Cyanistes caeruleus ogliastrae
ogliastrae
Ogliastra District, eastern Sardinia, Italy.

Eurasian Blue Tit (balearicus)
Latin Name: Cyanistes caeruleus balearicus
balearica / balearicus
L. Baliaricus  Balearic, of the Balearic Is  < Baliares or Baleares  Balearic Is. (Mallorca, Menorca, Ibiza, Formentera).

Eurasian Blue Tit (calamensis)
Latin Name: Cyanistes caeruleus calamensis
calamensis
Calamata, Peloponnesus, Greece.

Eurasian Blue Tit (orientalis)
Latin Name: Cyanistes caeruleus orientalis
orientale / orientalis
L. orientalis  eastern, oriental  < oriens, orientis  east.
● Asia; ex “Anser moschoviticus” of Albin 1731-1738, and “Anser chinensis” of Linnaeus 1747 (syn. Anser cygnoides).
● India; ex Ardea antigone Linnaeus, 1758, “Grus orientalis” of Brisson 1760, and “Indian Crane” of Latham 1785 (syn. Antigone antigone).
● East Indies (= Seram and New Guinea); ex “Casoar des Indes orientales” of d’Aubenton 1765-1781, pl. 313 (syn. Casuarius casuarius).
● India; ex “Eastern Parrot” of Latham 1781 (?syn. Eclectus roratus).
● East Indies (= Amboina); ex “Coucou noir des Indes” (= ♂) and “Coucou tacheté des Indes” (=♀) of Brisson 1760 (subsp. Eudynamys scolopaceus).
● East Indies (=Java); ex “Rollier des Indes” of Brisson 1760 (Eurystomus).
● East Indies; ex “Merula indica” of Brisson 1760, “Merle des Indes Orientales” of d’Aubenton 1765-1781, pl. 273, fig. 2, and “Ash-rumped Thrush” of Latham 1783 (syn. Lalage nigra).
● India; ex “Indian Bee-eater” and “Coromandel Bee-eater” of Latham 1782-1787 (Merops).
● Asia; ex “Onocrotalus” or “Pelecanus” of previous authors (syn. Pelecanus onocrotalus).
● "91. TETRAO.  ...  orientalis.  12. T. pedibus antice pilosis: abdomine gulaque atra, collari ferrugineo, cauda cuneiformi.  Tetrao orientalis. Hasselq. it. 278. n. 43.  Perdix damascena. Will. orn. 128.  Francolin. Tournef. it. I. p. 158. t. 158.  Habitat in Oriente." (Linnaeus 1758) (Pterocles).
● China; ex “Tourterelle brune de la Chine” of Sonnerat 1782, and “Chinese Turtle” of Latham 1783 (Streptopelia).
● China; ex “China Owl” of Latham 1801 (syn. Strix seloputo).

Eurasian Blue Tit (satunini)
Latin Name: Cyanistes caeruleus satunini
satunini
Konstantīn Alekseevich Satunīn (1863-1915) Russian zoologist, explorer in the Caucasus (subsp. Cyanistes caeruleus, syn. Sturnus vulgaris caucasicus).

Eurasian Blue Tit (raddei)
Latin Name: Cyanistes caeruleus raddei
raddei / raddii
Gustav Ferdinand Richard Radde (1831-1903) Prussian naturalist, explorer in Siberia and the Caucasus (syn. Buteo rufinus, syn. Circaetus gallicus, subsp. Cyanistes caeruleus, syn. Falco amurensis, syn. Ficedula semitorquata, syn. Gallinago gallinago, Lanius collurio x Lanius isabellinus hybrid, syn. Melanocorypha calandra psammochroma, syn. Motacilla flava feldegg, syn. Panurus biarmicus russicus, syn. Remiz pendulinus, syn. Tetraogallus caspius).

Eurasian Blue Tit (persicus)
Latin Name: Cyanistes caeruleus persicus
persicus
L. Persicus  Persian  < Persia  Persia / Iran.
● Not a toponym, but an allusion to the gaudy plumage of the Yellow-rumped Cacique; ex “Jupujuba” of Marcgrave 1648, and “Cassique jaune” of Brisson 1760 (syn. Cacicus cela).
● Erroneous TL. Persia (= Perthshire, Scotland) (syn. Lagopus lagopus scotica).
● Southern (i.e. Persian) shores of the Caspian Sea (Merops).
● At sea between Guadar (= Qatar) and Muscat (i.e. in the Persian Gulf) (Puffinus).
● ex “Persian Woodpecker” of Willughby 1676, and Latham 1782, “Picus luteus cyanopus persicus” of Ray 1713, and “Picus luteus persicus” of Brisson 1760 (unident.).
● ex “Persian Thrush” of Latham 1787 (unident.).