Hypothymis Azurea Bird

English Name:  Black-naped Monarch
Latin Name:  Hypothymis azurea
Protonym:  Muscicapa azurea TablePlanchesEnlum. p.41
Taxonomy:  Passeriformes / Monarchidae / Hypothymis
Taxonomy Code:  blnmon1
Type Locality:  Philippines; restricted to Manila, Luzon, by J. L. Peters, 1939, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 86, p. 112.
Author:  Boddaert
Publish Year:  1783
IUCN Status:  Least Concern

DEFINITIONS

HYPOTHYMIS
(Monarchidae; Ϯ Black-naped Monarch H. azurea) Gr. ὑποθυμις hupothumis  unidentified bird mentioned by Aristophanes; "X. Fam. Muscicapiadae Vigors. Muscicapa Lin.   ...   Hypothymis: Musc. caerulea Vaill. Afr. pl. 153." (Boie 1826); "Hypothymis Boie, 1826, Isis von Oken, col. 973. Type, by monotypy, Muscicapa caerulea Gmelin = Muscicapa azurea Boddaert." (Watson in Peters 1986, XI, 472).
Var. Hypothimis, Hypothimus.
Synon. Camiguinia, Cyanomyias, Haplornis, Muscylva.
● (syn. Ptiliogonys Ϯ Grey Silky-flycatcher P. cinereus) "Gen. PTILOGONYS Sws. 1824. Federknie.  (Ptiliogonys et Ptiliogonatus Sws.  Hypothymis Licht nec Boie.  Lepturus Less 1838.)  334.  1. P. cinereus Sws.  ...  Hypothymis chrysorrhoëa Licht. Temm. Pl. col. 452 mas.  Hypothymis mexicana Licht. in Mus. Berol." (Cabanis 1853).

azurea
Med. L. azureus azure-coloured, azure-blue  < azura  lapis lazuli.
● ex “Gobe-mouche bleu des Philippines” of d’Aubenton 1765-1781, pl. 666, fig. 1, and “Petit Azur” of de Buffon 1770-1785 (Hypothymis).
● ex “Azurou” of Levaillant 1805, pl. 158 (unident.).

Azuria
(Parulidae; syn. Setophaga † Cerulean Warbler S. cerulea) Med. L. azureus  azure-coloured  < azura  lapis lazuli; "g. Azure Warblers. Azuria  ... Type, Sylvia rara Wilson" (Maynard 1907); "Azuria Maynard, [Directory Bds. East. N. A.], Part 9, p. 238, 1907—type, by orig. desig., Sylvia rara Wilson = Sylvia cerulea Wilson." (Hellmayr, 1935, Cat. Birds Americas, Pt. VIII, p. 362).
Var. Azurea.

SUBSPECIES

Black-naped Monarch (styani)
Latin Name: Hypothymis azurea styani
styani
Frederick William Styan (1838-1934) English tea merchant, collector, ornithologist in China 1877-1904 (syn. Aegithina tiphia philipi, subsp. Chrysophlegma flavinucha, syn. Emberiza godlewskii omissa, subsp. Hypothymis azurea, syn. Ianthocincla cineracea cinereiceps, syn. Ianthocincla cineracea strenua, syn. Pericrocotus ethologus, subsp. Pomatorhinus ruficollis, syn. Pucrasia macrolopha darwini, subsp. Sinosuthora brunnea).

Black-naped Monarch (oberholseri)
Latin Name: Hypothymis azurea oberholseri
oberholseri
Prof. Dr Harry Church Oberholser (1870-1963) US ornithologist, Fish & Wildlife Service 1894-1941, Curator of Ornithology, Cleveland Mus. of Natural History 1941-1947, nomenclaturist (syn. Aerodramus spodiopygius assimilis, syn. Caprimulgus macrurus schlegelii, subsp. Collocalia esculenta, Empidonax, subsp. Eurystomus orientalis, subsp. Glaucidium palmarum, subsp. Hypothymis azurea, subsp. Myadestes occidentalis, syn. Progne subis hesperia, subsp. Pseudocolaptes boissoneauii, subsp. Sitta carolinensis, subsp. Thryothorus ludovicianus, subsp. Toxostoma curvirostre, subsp. Treron fulvicollis).

Black-naped Monarch (forrestia)
Latin Name: Hypothymis azurea forrestia
forresti / forrestia
● George Forrest (1873-1932) Scottish botanist, explorer, collector in the Himalayas, Tibet and south-western China (subsp. Dryocopus javensis, subsp. Hypothymis azurea, subsp. Lioparus chrysotis, Phylloscopus, subsp. Pomatorhinus superciliaris, syn. Streptopelia tigrina, syn. Trochalopteron chrysopterum woodi).
● Sir John Forrest 1^st Baron Forrest of Bunbury (1847-1918) Australian politician, explorer, first Premier of Western Australia 1890-1901 (subsp. Gavicalis virescens).
● Forrest River, Western Australia (subsp. Mirafra javanica).

Black-naped Monarch (montana)
Latin Name: Hypothymis azurea montana
montana
L. montanus of the mountains, mountain-, mountaineer < mons, montis mountain.
● ex “Lesser Pied Mountain Finch” or “Brambling” of Willughby 1676, and Morton 1712, and “Mountain Bunting” of Latham 1783 (syn. Fringilla montifringilla).
● Jamaica; ex “Mountain Partridge” of Sloane 1725, and “Columba minor fulva” of Edwards 1751 (Geotrygon).
● Namaqualand; ex “Traquet Montagnard” of Levaillant 1806, pl. 184, fig. 2 (syn. Oenanthe monticola).
● ex “Perdrix de montagne” of d’Aubenton 1765-1781, pl. 136 (syn. Perdix perdix).
● Montana, USA (subsp. Pinicola enucleator).
● ex “Mountain Owl” of Latham 1787 (syn. Strix nebulosa).
● ex “Berg-gans” of Kolbe 1719, and “Mountain Goose” of Latham 1785 (?syn. Tadorna cana).

Black-naped Monarch (galerita)
Latin Name: Hypothymis azurea galerita
galerita
L. galeritus  hooded, crested  < galerum  bonnet, cap  < galea  helmet.

Black-naped Monarch (prophata)
Latin Name: Hypothymis azurea prophata
prophata
Gr. προφατος prophatos  renowned, shown forth, far famed  < προφαινω prophainō  to bring to light.

Black-naped Monarch (tytleri)
Latin Name: Hypothymis azurea tytleri
tytleri
Col. Robert Christopher Tytler (1818-1872) British Army in India 1835-1864, naturalist, pioneer photographer, collector (subsp. Aplonis panayensis, subsp. Cisticola exilis, syn. Ficedula parva, subsp. Hirundo rustica, subsp. Hypothymis azurea, Phylloscopus, subsp. Psittacula longicauda, syn. Tarsiger cyanura rufilata).

Black-naped Monarch (ceylonensis)
Latin Name: Hypothymis azurea ceylonensis
ceylanensis / ceylanica / ceylonense / ceylonensis / ceylonicus / ceylonus
Ceylon (Portuguese name Ceilaõ given to the island by early explorers, from Pali Sinhalana land of lions) / Sri Lanka.
● ex “Drongri” of Levaillant 1805, pl. 170, and “Drongri Shrike” of Latham 1822 (syn. Dicrurus leucophaeus).
● ex “Ceylonese Crested Falcon” of Latham 1781 (subsp. Nisaetus cirrhatus).

Black-naped Monarch (idiochroa)
Latin Name: Hypothymis azurea idiochroa
idiochroa
Gr. ιδιος idios  peculiar, distinct; χροα khroa, χροας khroas  colour, appearance  < χρως khrōs, χρωτος khrōtos  complexion.

Black-naped Monarch (nicobarica)
Latin Name: Hypothymis azurea nicobarica
nicobarensis / nicobarica / nicobaricus / nicobariensis
Nicobar Is.
● “92. COLUMBA.  ...  nicobarica.  15. C. cauda alba, corpore nigro, remigibus cæruleis, dorso viridi-nitente, pennis colli elongatis.  Columba e nicombar. Alb. av. 3. p. 44. t. 47. 48.  Habitat in insula Nicombar prope Pegu indicum.” (Linnaeus 1758) (Caloenas).

Black-naped Monarch (opisthocyanea)
Latin Name: Hypothymis azurea opisthocyanea
opisthocyanea
Gr. οπισθε opisthe  behind, rear; κυανεος kuaneos  dark-blue, glossy.

Black-naped Monarch (javana)
Latin Name: Hypothymis azurea javana
javaensis / javana / javanense / javanensis / javanica
Java, Dutch East Indies / Indonesia.  The origins of the island name (Jawa in Indonesian) are obscure  ?< Malay Jewa  millet  < Sanskrit Yava  barley.
● ex “Javan Partridge” of Brown 1776, and Latham 1783 (Arborophila).
● ex “Martin-Pêcheur de Java” of d’Aubenton 1765-1781, pl. 757 (subsp. Pelargopsis capensis).
● Erroneous TL. Java (= Australia); ex “Tourterelle de Java” of d’Aubenton 1765-1781, pl. 177, “Turvert” of de Buffon 1770-1786, and “Javan Turtle” of Latham 1783 (syn. Chalcophaps chrysochlora).

Black-naped Monarch (penidae)
Latin Name: Hypothymis azurea penidae
penidae
Penida I. (= Nusa Penida), Lesser Sunda Is., Dutch East Indies.

Black-naped Monarch (karimatensis)
Latin Name: Hypothymis azurea karimatensis
karimatensis
Karimata Is., off western Borneo.

Black-naped Monarch (gigantoptera)
Latin Name: Hypothymis azurea gigantoptera
gigantoptera
Gr. γιγας gigas, γιγαντος gigantos  giant; -πτερος -pteros  -winged  < πτερον pteron  wing.

Black-naped Monarch (aeria)
Latin Name: Hypothymis azurea aeria
aeria
L. aerius  aerial, ethereal, lofty  < aer, aeris  air  < Gr. αηρ aēr, αερος aeros  air.

Black-naped Monarch (consobrina)
Latin Name: Hypothymis azurea consobrina
consobrina
L. consobrina  cousin  < cum (old form com)  together with; sobrina  female cousin on the mother's side  < soror, sororis  sister (originally of the children of two sisters).
● "Similar to Conopoderas caffra mendanæ but averaging slightly smaller" (Murphy & Mathews 1928) (subsp. Acrocephalus mendanae).
● "Nearest to, and agreeing with A. d. arequipae in uniform sooty black remiges; but considerably smaller" (Hellmayr 1925) (subsp. Asthenes dorbignyi).
● "Questa nuova specie somiglia molto alla C. geelwinkiana, Schleg. [= subsp. Ducula myristicivora], della Papuasia" (Salvadori 1887) (subsp. Ducula aenea).
● "le Tisserin d'Angasize ... diffère ... du Foudia Algondae [= subsp. Foudia eminentissima] de Mayotte, et ressemble ... aux Foudia eminentissima de Zanzibar, F. erythrocephala [= syn. Foudia rubra] de l'île Maurice et F. madagascariensis de Madagascar ... il est intermédiaire entre les Foudia erythrocephala et Foudia madagascariensis d'une part et le Foudia eminentissima d'autre part" (Milne-Edwards & Oustalet 1885) (subsp. Foudia eminentissima).
● "This species is similar to H. tytleri [= subsp. Hypothymis azurea], from the Andaman islands" (Richmond 1902) (subsp. Hypothymis azurea).
● "Allied closely to F. quixensis and F. boucardi, particularly to the former, but differs in its smaller size and the uniform rich chestnut colouring of the female below" (P. Sclater 1860) (subsp. Microrhopias quixensis).
● "694A.  PACHYCEPHALA GUTTURALIS CONSOBRINA, subsp. n.  Buchanan Island Black-tailed Thickhead.  Differs from P. g. violetæ [= syn. P. melanura robusta] in its smaller wing and thinner bill; and from P. g. melanura  in its larger size.  Type, Buchanan Island, Northern Territory" (Mathews 1912) (syn. Pachycephala melanura robusta). 
● "Am ähnlichsten T. nigroviridis cyanescens (Scl.)" (Hellmayr 1921) (syn. Tangara nigroviridis cyanescens).
● see consobrinus

Black-naped Monarch (leucophila)
Latin Name: Hypothymis azurea leucophila
leucophila
Gr. λευκος leukos  white; φιλος philos  beloved, dear.

Black-naped Monarch (richmondi)
Latin Name: Hypothymis azurea richmondi
richmondi
● Dr Charles Wallace Richmond (1868-1932) US ornithologist, bibliographer, nomenclaturist (subsp. Agelaius phoeniceus, syn. Aplonis panayensis heterochlora, subsp. Arremonops conirostris, subsp. Chaetura vauxi, subsp. Hypothymis azurea, syn. Leucippus fallax, syn. Meleagris californicus, subsp. Oriolus chinensis, syn. Pachyramphus aglaiae albiventris, syn. Rhinomyias umbratilis, subsp. Spilornis cheela, syn. Thalassarche melanophris, subsp. Zosterops nigrorum).
● Richmond River, New South Wales, Australia (subsp. Gerygone mouki, syn. Stipiturus malachurus).

Black-naped Monarch (abbotti)
Latin Name: Hypothymis azurea abbotti
abbotti
● Dr William Louis Abbott (1860-1936) US surgeon, explorer, ethnologist, naturalist who collected widely around the world 1883-1923 (syn. Brachypodius atriceps baweanus, syn. Butorides striata javanica, subsp. Cacatua sulphurea, ‡subsp. Calyptophilus frugivorus, Celebesica, syn. Chlorophoneus multicolor, subsp. Cinnyris souimanga, syn. Coccyzus minor, subsp. Cyanecula svecica, ‡subsp. Dryolimnas cuvieri, syn. Hirundo tahitica javanica, subsp. Hypothymis azurea, syn. Kittacincla malabarica tricolor, syn. Lybius leucocephalus albicauda, subsp. Megapodius nicobariensis, subsp. Nesoctites micromegas, subsp. Nyctibius jamaicensis, Papasula, syn. Phodilus badius, subsp. Pitta sordida, subsp. Psittacula alexandri, Psittinus, subsp. Spilornis cheela, syn. Streptopelia picturata rostrata, subsp. Threskiornis bernieri, syn. Treron vernans).
● Lt.-Col. John Richard Abbott (1811-1888) British Army, Assistant-Commissioner of the Arakan, Burma 1837-1845 (Malacocincla).
● Dr Charles Greeley Abbott (1872-1973) US astrophysicist, solar researcher, Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution 1928-1944, Secretary Emeritus 1944-1973 (syn. Tychaedon coryphoeus). 

Black-naped Monarch (symmixta)
Latin Name: Hypothymis azurea symmixta
symmixta
Gr. συμμικτος summiktos  commingled, promiscuous  < συν sun, συμ sum  together; μιγνυμι mignumi  to mix up.

Black-naped Monarch (azurea)
Latin Name: Hypothymis azurea azurea
azurea
Med. L. azureus azure-coloured, azure-blue  < azura  lapis lazuli.
● ex “Gobe-mouche bleu des Philippines” of d’Aubenton 1765-1781, pl. 666, fig. 1, and “Petit Azur” of de Buffon 1770-1785 (Hypothymis).
● ex “Azurou” of Levaillant 1805, pl. 158 (unident.).

Black-naped Monarch (catarmanensis)
Latin Name: Hypothymis azurea catarmanensis
catarmanenis / catarmanensis
Catarman Mt., Catarman, Camiguin, Philippines.