Eremophila Alpestris Bird

English Name:  Horned Lark
Latin Name:  Eremophila alpestris
Protonym:  Alauda alpestris Syst.Nat.ed.10 p.166
Taxonomy:  Passeriformes / Alaudidae / Eremophila
Taxonomy Code:  horlar
Type Locality:  North America = coast of South Carolina.
Author:  Linnaeus
Publish Year:  1758
IUCN Status:  Least Concern

DEFINITIONS

EREMOPHILA
(Alaudidae; Ϯ Horned Lark E. alpestris) Gr. ερημοφιλης erēmophilēs  desert-loving (i.e. sand-loving)  < ερημος erēmos  desert; φιλος  philos  lover; this is the Shore Lark of British authors and birdwatchers; "They frequent the sandhills upon the seashore of Carolina, and there feed on these oats, which they find scattered on the sands" (Catesby 1731); "Gattung Eremophila.   Hieher aus Europa: 1. Alauda alpestris Lin.  2. Kollyi Tem. col. 305. fig. 1.    America:  3. —  cornuta Wils. pl. 5. fig. 4.    Africa:  4. —  bilopha Tem. col. 244. fig. 1." (Boie 1828); "Eremophila Boie, 1828, Isis von Oken, 21, col. 322. Type, by subsequent designation, O. alpestris = Alauda alpestris Linnaeus (Sharpe, 1875, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, (1874), p. 651).¹   ...   ¹ Not affected by Eremophilus Humboldt, 1811, Pisces." (Peters, 1960, IX, p. 71).  Recent authors suggest that the Horned Lark E. alpestris complex be divided into five or six different species, and perhaps even more once the American subspecies have been critically studied.   
Synon. Chionophilos, Niphophilos, Otocoris, Otocorydopsis, Philammus, Phileremos.

eremophila / eremophilus
Gr. ερημοφιλης erēmophilēs  desert-loving  < ερημος erēmos  desert;
-φιλος -philos  -loving  < φιλεω phileō  to love  < φιλος philos  lover.

alpestris
Med. L. alpestris  of the high mountains, alpine  < L. Alpes  the Alps or any high mountains.
● "93. ALAUDA.  ...  alpestris.  8. A. rectricibus dimidio inferiore albis, gula flava, fascia suboculari pectoralique nigra.  Alauda gutture flavo. Catesb. car. 1. p. 32. t. 32.  Habitat in America septentrionali, & visa a Kleinio Gedani.  Corpus supra fuscum. Guttur ad pectus usque flavum. Abdomen album. Pectorale transversum nigrum. Fascia nigra, obtusa, pone sinum oris.” (Linnaeus 1758); the Horned or Shore Lark breeds in the tundra, plains, and highlands of the Holarctic (Eremophila).

SUBSPECIES

Horned Lark (Atlas)
Latin Name: Eremophila alpestris atlas
atlas
Atlas Mts., north-west Africa (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia).

Horned Lark (Black-necklaced)
Latin Name: Eremophila alpestris [penicillata Group]
EREMOPHILA
(Alaudidae; Ϯ Horned Lark E. alpestris) Gr. ερημοφιλης erēmophilēs  desert-loving (i.e. sand-loving)  < ερημος erēmos  desert; φιλος  philos  lover; this is the Shore Lark of British authors and birdwatchers; "They frequent the sandhills upon the seashore of Carolina, and there feed on these oats, which they find scattered on the sands" (Catesby 1731); "Gattung Eremophila.   Hieher aus Europa: 1. Alauda alpestris Lin.  2. Kollyi Tem. col. 305. fig. 1.    America:  3. —  cornuta Wils. pl. 5. fig. 4.    Africa:  4. —  bilopha Tem. col. 244. fig. 1." (Boie 1828); "Eremophila Boie, 1828, Isis von Oken, 21, col. 322. Type, by subsequent designation, O. alpestris = Alauda alpestris Linnaeus (Sharpe, 1875, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, (1874), p. 651).¹   ...   ¹ Not affected by Eremophilus Humboldt, 1811, Pisces." (Peters, 1960, IX, p. 71).  Recent authors suggest that the Horned Lark E. alpestris complex be divided into five or six different species, and perhaps even more once the American subspecies have been critically studied.   
Synon. Chionophilos, Niphophilos, Otocoris, Otocorydopsis, Philammus, Phileremos.

Horned Lark (Tibetan)
Latin Name: Eremophila alpestris [longirostris Group]
EREMOPHILA
(Alaudidae; Ϯ Horned Lark E. alpestris) Gr. ερημοφιλης erēmophilēs  desert-loving (i.e. sand-loving)  < ερημος erēmos  desert; φιλος  philos  lover; this is the Shore Lark of British authors and birdwatchers; "They frequent the sandhills upon the seashore of Carolina, and there feed on these oats, which they find scattered on the sands" (Catesby 1731); "Gattung Eremophila.   Hieher aus Europa: 1. Alauda alpestris Lin.  2. Kollyi Tem. col. 305. fig. 1.    America:  3. —  cornuta Wils. pl. 5. fig. 4.    Africa:  4. —  bilopha Tem. col. 244. fig. 1." (Boie 1828); "Eremophila Boie, 1828, Isis von Oken, 21, col. 322. Type, by subsequent designation, O. alpestris = Alauda alpestris Linnaeus (Sharpe, 1875, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, (1874), p. 651).¹   ...   ¹ Not affected by Eremophilus Humboldt, 1811, Pisces." (Peters, 1960, IX, p. 71).  Recent authors suggest that the Horned Lark E. alpestris complex be divided into five or six different species, and perhaps even more once the American subspecies have been critically studied.   
Synon. Chionophilos, Niphophilos, Otocoris, Otocorydopsis, Philammus, Phileremos.

Horned Lark (Brandt's)
Latin Name: Eremophila alpestris brandti
brandti / brandtii
● Johann Friedrich Brandt (1802-1879) Prussian zoologist in the Russian service, explorer in Siberia (Eremophila, subsp. Garrulus glandarius, Leucosticte, syn. Phasianus colchicus mongolicus, syn. Poecile palustris kabardensis).
● J. G. W. Brandt (fl. 1860) German natural history dealer based in Hamburg, brother to Johann F. Brandt (syn. Ploceus cucullatus spilonotus).

Horned Lark (Shore)
Latin Name: Eremophila alpestris flava
flava
L. flavus  golden-yellow, gold-coloured, yellow.
● ex “Echenilleur Jaune” (= ♀) of Levaillant 1805, pl. 164 (Campephaga).
● "99. MOTACILLA.  ...  flava.  13. M. pectore abdomineque flavo, rectricibus duabus lateralibus dimidiato oblique albis. Fn. svec. 215.  Motacilla flava. Gesn. av. 618. Aldr. orn. l. 17. c. 24. Will. orn. 172. t. 68. Raj. av. 75. n. 2. Alb. av. 2. p. 54. t. 58. Frisch. av. . t. 23. f. 3.  Habitat in Europa." (Linnaeus 1758) (Motacilla).
● ex “Habia amarilla” (= ♀) of de Azara 1802-1805, no. 87 (Piranga).
● ex “Bruant du Brésil” of d’Aubenton 1765-1781, pl. 321, fig. 1, and “Chúy” of de Azara 1802-1805, no. 133 (syn. Sicalis flaveola pelzelni).
● ex “Guira-perea” of Marcgrave 1648, “Guiraperea” of Willughby 1676, and Ray 1713, “Tangara jaune du Brésil” of Brisson 1760, and “Yellow Tanager” of Latham 1783 (Tangara).

Horned Lark (Eastern dark Group)
Latin Name: Eremophila alpestris [alpestris Group]
EREMOPHILA
(Alaudidae; Ϯ Horned Lark E. alpestris) Gr. ερημοφιλης erēmophilēs  desert-loving (i.e. sand-loving)  < ερημος erēmos  desert; φιλος  philos  lover; this is the Shore Lark of British authors and birdwatchers; "They frequent the sandhills upon the seashore of Carolina, and there feed on these oats, which they find scattered on the sands" (Catesby 1731); "Gattung Eremophila.   Hieher aus Europa: 1. Alauda alpestris Lin.  2. Kollyi Tem. col. 305. fig. 1.    America:  3. —  cornuta Wils. pl. 5. fig. 4.    Africa:  4. —  bilopha Tem. col. 244. fig. 1." (Boie 1828); "Eremophila Boie, 1828, Isis von Oken, 21, col. 322. Type, by subsequent designation, O. alpestris = Alauda alpestris Linnaeus (Sharpe, 1875, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, (1874), p. 651).¹   ...   ¹ Not affected by Eremophilus Humboldt, 1811, Pisces." (Peters, 1960, IX, p. 71).  Recent authors suggest that the Horned Lark E. alpestris complex be divided into five or six different species, and perhaps even more once the American subspecies have been critically studied.   
Synon. Chionophilos, Niphophilos, Otocoris, Otocorydopsis, Philammus, Phileremos.

Horned Lark (Western pale Group)
Latin Name: Eremophila alpestris [occidentalis Group]
EREMOPHILA
(Alaudidae; Ϯ Horned Lark E. alpestris) Gr. ερημοφιλης erēmophilēs  desert-loving (i.e. sand-loving)  < ερημος erēmos  desert; φιλος  philos  lover; this is the Shore Lark of British authors and birdwatchers; "They frequent the sandhills upon the seashore of Carolina, and there feed on these oats, which they find scattered on the sands" (Catesby 1731); "Gattung Eremophila.   Hieher aus Europa: 1. Alauda alpestris Lin.  2. Kollyi Tem. col. 305. fig. 1.    America:  3. —  cornuta Wils. pl. 5. fig. 4.    Africa:  4. —  bilopha Tem. col. 244. fig. 1." (Boie 1828); "Eremophila Boie, 1828, Isis von Oken, 21, col. 322. Type, by subsequent designation, O. alpestris = Alauda alpestris Linnaeus (Sharpe, 1875, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, (1874), p. 651).¹   ...   ¹ Not affected by Eremophilus Humboldt, 1811, Pisces." (Peters, 1960, IX, p. 71).  Recent authors suggest that the Horned Lark E. alpestris complex be divided into five or six different species, and perhaps even more once the American subspecies have been critically studied.   
Synon. Chionophilos, Niphophilos, Otocoris, Otocorydopsis, Philammus, Phileremos.

Horned Lark (Western rufous Group)
Latin Name: Eremophila alpestris [strigata Group]
EREMOPHILA
(Alaudidae; Ϯ Horned Lark E. alpestris) Gr. ερημοφιλης erēmophilēs  desert-loving (i.e. sand-loving)  < ερημος erēmos  desert; φιλος  philos  lover; this is the Shore Lark of British authors and birdwatchers; "They frequent the sandhills upon the seashore of Carolina, and there feed on these oats, which they find scattered on the sands" (Catesby 1731); "Gattung Eremophila.   Hieher aus Europa: 1. Alauda alpestris Lin.  2. Kollyi Tem. col. 305. fig. 1.    America:  3. —  cornuta Wils. pl. 5. fig. 4.    Africa:  4. —  bilopha Tem. col. 244. fig. 1." (Boie 1828); "Eremophila Boie, 1828, Isis von Oken, 21, col. 322. Type, by subsequent designation, O. alpestris = Alauda alpestris Linnaeus (Sharpe, 1875, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, (1874), p. 651).¹   ...   ¹ Not affected by Eremophilus Humboldt, 1811, Pisces." (Peters, 1960, IX, p. 71).  Recent authors suggest that the Horned Lark E. alpestris complex be divided into five or six different species, and perhaps even more once the American subspecies have been critically studied.   
Synon. Chionophilos, Niphophilos, Otocoris, Otocorydopsis, Philammus, Phileremos.

Horned Lark (South Baja)
Latin Name: Eremophila alpestris enertera
enertera / enerterus
Gr. ενερτερος enerteros lower, of the nether world < ενεροι eneroi those beneath the earth.
• "On a previous occasion, I doubtfully referred to Otocoris alpestris actia a pair of adult breeding horned larks from Santa Rosalia Bay, Lower California.  Additional material from the peninsula confirms the suspicion of their subspecific distinctness, and enables me now to present a diagnosis under the name  Otocoris alpestris enertera subsp. nov." (Oberholser 1907) (subsp. Eremophila alpestris).

Horned Lark (Mexican)
Latin Name: Eremophila alpestris [chrysolaema Group]
EREMOPHILA
(Alaudidae; Ϯ Horned Lark E. alpestris) Gr. ερημοφιλης erēmophilēs  desert-loving (i.e. sand-loving)  < ερημος erēmos  desert; φιλος  philos  lover; this is the Shore Lark of British authors and birdwatchers; "They frequent the sandhills upon the seashore of Carolina, and there feed on these oats, which they find scattered on the sands" (Catesby 1731); "Gattung Eremophila.   Hieher aus Europa: 1. Alauda alpestris Lin.  2. Kollyi Tem. col. 305. fig. 1.    America:  3. —  cornuta Wils. pl. 5. fig. 4.    Africa:  4. —  bilopha Tem. col. 244. fig. 1." (Boie 1828); "Eremophila Boie, 1828, Isis von Oken, 21, col. 322. Type, by subsequent designation, O. alpestris = Alauda alpestris Linnaeus (Sharpe, 1875, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, (1874), p. 651).¹   ...   ¹ Not affected by Eremophilus Humboldt, 1811, Pisces." (Peters, 1960, IX, p. 71).  Recent authors suggest that the Horned Lark E. alpestris complex be divided into five or six different species, and perhaps even more once the American subspecies have been critically studied.   
Synon. Chionophilos, Niphophilos, Otocoris, Otocorydopsis, Philammus, Phileremos.

Horned Lark (Colombian)
Latin Name: Eremophila alpestris peregrina
peregrina
L. peregrinus  foreign, strange, wanderer  < peregre  in a foreign country, abroad  < per  through, by way of; ager  land  < Gr. αγρος agros  country.
● "3) Der fremde Grauammer.  Miliaria peregrina, Br.  ...  Er besucht unsere Gegenden selten und nur im Winter, ähnelt in dem Betragen und der Nahrung den Verwandten, und nistet wahrscheinlich nicht in Deutschland."(Brehm 1831) (syn. Emberiza calandra).
● "SYLVIA PEREGRINA  ... As this species is so very rare in the United States, it is most probably a native of a more southerly climate, where it may be equally numerous with any of the rest of its genus.  ... Particular species of birds, like different nations of men, have their congenial climes and favorite countries; but wanderers are common to both; some in search of better fare; some of adventures; others led by curiosity; and many driven by storms and accident" (A. Wilson 1811) (Leiothlypis).
● "3) Der Wandergimpel.  Pyrrhula peregrina, Br.  ...  Er scheint dem Norden anzugehören — in die hiesige Gegend kommt er gewöhnlich erst im  October und brütet nur höchst selten in unsern Wäldern — bringt den Winter in Deutschland oder südlich von uns zu" (Brehm 1831) (syn. Pyrrhula pyrrhula europaea).
● ex “Torchepot du Canada” of Brisson 1760, and “Sitta peregrina” of Bartram 1791 (syn. Sitta canadensis).